{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3024100466","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20102761","title":"A Novel Approach to 3D-DOA Estimation of Stationary EM Signals Using Convolutional Neural Networks","display_name":"A Novel Approach to 3D-DOA Estimation of Stationary EM Signals Using Convolutional Neural Networks","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-05-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3024100466","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20102761","mag":"3024100466","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32408661"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20102761","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20102761","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/10/2761/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/10/2761/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100319452","display_name":"Dong Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0526-9346"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120158604","display_name":"Kunsan National University","ror":"https://ror.org/02yj55q56","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120158604"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of IT Information and Control Engineering, Kunsan National University, Gunsan 54150, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of IT Information and Control Engineering, Kunsan National University, Gunsan 54150, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120158604"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051395190","display_name":"Young Hoon Joo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4662-1916"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120158604","display_name":"Kunsan National University","ror":"https://ror.org/02yj55q56","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120158604"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Young Hoon Joo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of IT Information and Control Engineering, Kunsan National University, Gunsan 54150, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4662-1916","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of IT Information and Control Engineering, Kunsan National University, Gunsan 54150, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120158604"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5051395190"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120158604"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":0.726,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69283204,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"10","first_page":"2761","last_page":"2761"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10931","display_name":"Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10931","display_name":"Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian","display_name":"Gaussian","score":0.6524170637130737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian-noise","display_name":"Gaussian noise","score":0.6473881602287292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covariance","display_name":"Covariance","score":0.5767799019813538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/direction-of-arrival","display_name":"Direction of arrival","score":0.5709995627403259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5662469267845154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5631754994392395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5427066087722778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5356101393699646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outlier","display_name":"Outlier","score":0.5132186412811279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.48524022102355957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covariance-matrix","display_name":"Covariance matrix","score":0.4401566982269287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalization","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","score":0.4203992784023285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3301765024662018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.29889631271362305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.28972089290618896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.10117751359939575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.0966845154762268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.05874428153038025}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.6524170637130737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4199805","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2725903","display_name":"Gaussian noise","level":2,"score":0.6473881602287292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178650346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201984","display_name":"Covariance","level":2,"score":0.5767799019813538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172051844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5280438","display_name":"Direction of arrival","level":3,"score":0.5709995627403259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5662469267845154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5631754994392395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5427066087722778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5356101393699646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79337645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q779824","display_name":"Outlier","level":2,"score":0.5132186412811279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.48524022102355957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185142706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134404","display_name":"Covariance matrix","level":2,"score":0.4401566982269287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.4203992784023285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3301765024662018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.29889631271362305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.28972089290618896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.10117751359939575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0966845154762268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.05874428153038025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20102761","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20102761","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/10/2761/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32408661","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32408661","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a933a0ba4a4e47f7960f6c2b3e359760","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a933a0ba4a4e47f7960f6c2b3e359760","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 20, Iss 10, p 2761 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/20/10/2761/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20102761","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7285076","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7285076","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20102761","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20102761","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/10/2761/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1744719369","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. 20194030202300","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321681","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2031003492","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018R1A2A2A14023632","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335199","funder_display_name":"Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G271868408","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016R1A6A1A03013567","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G344647422","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016R1A6A1A03013567","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321681","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3656851513","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016R1A6A1A03013567","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335199","funder_display_name":"Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4255642600","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. 20194030202300","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335199","funder_display_name":"Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5459429075","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20194030202300","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321681","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6308402056","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20194030202300","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7378171685","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20194030202300","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335199","funder_display_name":"Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8724817419","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018R1A2A2A14023632","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8994127316","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018R1A2A2A14023632","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321681","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321681","display_name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/008nkqk13"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335199","display_name":"Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning","ror":"https://ror.org/02zq38y32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3024100466.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3024100466.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1524100745","https://openalex.org/W1533861849","https://openalex.org/W1665214252","https://openalex.org/W1994851389","https://openalex.org/W2012737305","https://openalex.org/W2013540291","https://openalex.org/W2016511909","https://openalex.org/W2030229267","https://openalex.org/W2066218102","https://openalex.org/W2091085232","https://openalex.org/W2113638573","https://openalex.org/W2123019583","https://openalex.org/W2153605253","https://openalex.org/W2161960001","https://openalex.org/W2342174554","https://openalex.org/W2575485143","https://openalex.org/W2611943505","https://openalex.org/W2613919114","https://openalex.org/W2727037623","https://openalex.org/W2767133709","https://openalex.org/W2769271845","https://openalex.org/W2795278850","https://openalex.org/W2803513103","https://openalex.org/W2808543801","https://openalex.org/W2810871807","https://openalex.org/W2889941140","https://openalex.org/W2897361856","https://openalex.org/W2899696614","https://openalex.org/W2912665137","https://openalex.org/W2913100182","https://openalex.org/W2950636122","https://openalex.org/W2955839151","https://openalex.org/W2962949934","https://openalex.org/W2962965396","https://openalex.org/W2969221627","https://openalex.org/W2995957663","https://openalex.org/W3104757150","https://openalex.org/W4239510810","https://openalex.org/W6755569347","https://openalex.org/W6765359589"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2591697403","https://openalex.org/W2944728705","https://openalex.org/W2904022177","https://openalex.org/W2359348847","https://openalex.org/W3011538607","https://openalex.org/W4294432981","https://openalex.org/W4321441197","https://openalex.org/W4382204317","https://openalex.org/W2100915163","https://openalex.org/W2113817303"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"proposes":[2],"a":[3,20,135],"novel":[4],"three-dimensional":[5],"direction-of-arrival":[6],"(3D-DOA)":[7],"estimation":[8,56,76],"method":[9,154],"for":[10,54,120],"electromagnetic":[11],"(EM)":[12],"signals":[13],"using":[14],"convolutional":[15],"neural":[16,52,122,130,179],"networks":[17,53],"(CNN)":[18],"in":[19,29,60,83,102,146,159,164,192],"Gaussian":[21,33,103,147],"or":[22,148],"non-Gaussian":[23,87,149],"noise":[24,104,150],"environment.":[25],"First":[26],"of":[27,32,39,66,86,128],"all,":[28],"the":[30,40,67,74,84,89,97,106,121,126,129,152,170,178],"presence":[31,85],"noise,":[34,88],"four":[35,51,63],"output":[36,91],"covariance":[37,92],"matrices":[38,93],"uniform":[41],"triangular":[42],"array":[43,90],"(UTA)":[44],"are":[45,94,132],"normalized":[46,95],"and":[47,72,99,114,157,162,166,169],"then":[48,62,100,115],"fed":[49],"into":[50],"1D-DOA":[55,64,165],"with":[57],"identical":[58],"parameters":[59],"parallel;":[61],"estimations":[65],"UTA":[68],"can":[69,184],"be":[70,78],"obtained,":[71],"finally,":[73],"3D-DOA":[75,167],"could":[77,109,174],"obtained":[79],"through":[80],"post-processing.":[81],"Secondly,":[82],"by":[96,134],"infinity-norm":[98,107],"processed":[101],"environment;":[105],"normalization":[108],"effectively":[110,176],"suppress":[111],"impulsive":[112],"outliers":[113],"provide":[116],"appropriate":[117],"input":[118],"features":[119],"network.":[123],"In":[124],"addition,":[125],"outputs":[127],"network":[131,138,173,180],"controlled":[133],"signal":[136,171],"monitoring":[137,172],"to":[139],"avoid":[140],"misjudgments.":[141],"Comprehensive":[142],"simulations":[143],"demonstrate":[144],"that":[145,186],"environment,":[151],"proposed":[153],"is":[155],"superior":[156],"effective":[158],"computation":[160],"speed":[161],"accuracy":[163],"estimations,":[168],"also":[175],"control":[177],"outputs.":[181],"Consequently,":[182],"we":[183],"conclude":[185],"CNN":[187],"has":[188],"better":[189],"generalization":[190],"ability":[191],"DOA":[193],"estimation.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
