{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3023092210","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20092733","title":"Identifying Informal Settlements Using Contourlet Assisted Deep Learning","display_name":"Identifying Informal Settlements Using Contourlet Assisted Deep Learning","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-05-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3023092210","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20092733","mag":"3023092210","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32403308"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20092733","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20092733","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/9/2733/pdf?version=1589264806","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/9/2733/pdf?version=1589264806","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013299687","display_name":"Rizwan Ahmed Ansari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4246-2559"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123127086","display_name":"North Carolina Central University","ror":"https://ror.org/051r3tx83","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123127086"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rizwan Ahmed Ansari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Environmental, Earth and Geospatial Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4246-2559","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environmental, Earth and Geospatial Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123127086"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047506445","display_name":"Rakesh Malhotra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6600-5662"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123127086","display_name":"North Carolina Central University","ror":"https://ror.org/051r3tx83","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123127086"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rakesh Malhotra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Environmental, Earth and Geospatial Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6600-5662","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environmental, Earth and Geospatial Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123127086"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059951735","display_name":"Krishna Mohan Buddhiraju","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6815-8988"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162827531","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Bombay","ror":"https://ror.org/02qyf5152","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162827531"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Krishna Mohan Buddhiraju","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre of Studies in Resources Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre of Studies in Resources Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162827531"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013299687"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123127086"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.3387,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85567208,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"9","first_page":"2733","last_page":"2733"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-settlement","display_name":"Human settlement","score":0.6296676397323608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contourlet","display_name":"Contourlet","score":0.621626615524292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5448153614997864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5292961597442627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intersection","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","score":0.4697563648223877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.4480142295360565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4408533573150635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.4305097162723541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.42482346296310425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.3553232252597809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.32942038774490356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet","display_name":"Wavelet","score":0.2775992155075073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet-transform","display_name":"Wavelet transform","score":0.2574103772640228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demography","display_name":"Demography","score":0.10749784111976624}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16678853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486972","display_name":"Human settlement","level":2,"score":0.6296676397323608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20479862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165589","display_name":"Contourlet","level":4,"score":0.621626615524292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5448153614997864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5292961597442627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64543145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162942","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.4697563648223877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4480142295360565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4408533573150635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.4305097162723541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.42482346296310425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.3553232252597809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.32942038774490356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47432892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831390","display_name":"Wavelet","level":2,"score":0.2775992155075073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196216189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2867","display_name":"Wavelet transform","level":3,"score":0.2574103772640228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.10749784111976624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002947","descriptor_name":"Cities","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002947","descriptor_name":"Cities","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002947","descriptor_name":"Cities","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006798","descriptor_name":"Housing","qualifier_ui":"Q000458","qualifier_name":"organization & administration","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006798","descriptor_name":"Housing","qualifier_ui":"Q000458","qualifier_name":"organization & administration","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006798","descriptor_name":"Housing","qualifier_ui":"Q000458","qualifier_name":"organization & administration","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012939","descriptor_name":"Social Planning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012939","descriptor_name":"Social Planning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012939","descriptor_name":"Social Planning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014505","descriptor_name":"Urban Population","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014505","descriptor_name":"Urban Population","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014505","descriptor_name":"Urban Population","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20092733","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20092733","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/9/2733/pdf?version=1589264806","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32403308","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32403308","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a26c8ce842ca433aa1d8697ee494b684","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a26c8ce842ca433aa1d8697ee494b684","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 20, Iss 9, p 2733 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/20/9/2733/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20092733","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7248841","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7248841","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20092733","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20092733","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/9/2733/pdf?version=1589264806","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3023092210.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3023092210.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W118492261","https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W764651262","https://openalex.org/W1500265423","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W2000161790","https://openalex.org/W2003317133","https://openalex.org/W2003329977","https://openalex.org/W2017619079","https://openalex.org/W2022508996","https://openalex.org/W2024106504","https://openalex.org/W2028063078","https://openalex.org/W2028104478","https://openalex.org/W2081615203","https://openalex.org/W2088986288","https://openalex.org/W2093791422","https://openalex.org/W2105375719","https://openalex.org/W2117853853","https://openalex.org/W2130121312","https://openalex.org/W2134670479","https://openalex.org/W2138205176","https://openalex.org/W2145970940","https://openalex.org/W2321514239","https://openalex.org/W2345055757","https://openalex.org/W2412588858","https://openalex.org/W2469938794","https://openalex.org/W2517141211","https://openalex.org/W2527276685","https://openalex.org/W2532691318","https://openalex.org/W2538244214","https://openalex.org/W2547559628","https://openalex.org/W2551397753","https://openalex.org/W2613201584","https://openalex.org/W2616755213","https://openalex.org/W2776107444","https://openalex.org/W2800878235","https://openalex.org/W2890279507","https://openalex.org/W2890319410","https://openalex.org/W2892513928","https://openalex.org/W2900585446","https://openalex.org/W2911255098","https://openalex.org/W2914514198","https://openalex.org/W2915327909","https://openalex.org/W2955658792","https://openalex.org/W2963131120","https://openalex.org/W2963494934","https://openalex.org/W2963659230","https://openalex.org/W2964194231","https://openalex.org/W3013482090","https://openalex.org/W6687483927","https://openalex.org/W6758573999"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1973473859","https://openalex.org/W2039333314","https://openalex.org/W2356416985","https://openalex.org/W2358940597","https://openalex.org/W1989187133","https://openalex.org/W2362680912","https://openalex.org/W2361105225","https://openalex.org/W2473079406","https://openalex.org/W2380782746","https://openalex.org/W2003244095"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"the":[1,8,21,33,103,132,148,156,180],"global":[2],"urban":[3,59],"population":[4],"grows":[5],"due":[6,64],"to":[7,65,102,107,189],"influx":[9],"of":[10,25,35,42,78,84,105,118,150,165,198],"migrants":[11],"from":[12,139],"rural":[13],"areas,":[14],"many":[15],"cities":[16],"in":[17,58,155,163],"developing":[18],"countries":[19],"face":[20],"emergence":[22],"and":[23,27,40,46,82,86,90,152,173,192],"proliferation":[24],"unplanned":[26,36],"informal":[28,75,110],"settlements.":[29],"However,":[30],"even":[31],"though":[32],"rise":[34],"development":[37,104],"influences":[38],"planning":[39],"management":[41],"residential":[43],"land-use,":[44],"reliable":[45],"detailed":[47],"information":[48,137],"about":[49],"these":[50,92],"areas":[51,60,93,112],"is":[52],"often":[53],"scarce.":[54],"While":[55],"formal":[56],"settlements":[57,76],"are":[61],"easily":[62],"mapped":[63],"their":[66,79],"distinct":[67],"features,":[68],"this":[69],"does":[70],"not":[71],"hold":[72],"true":[73],"for":[74,128],"because":[77],"microstructure,":[80],"instability,":[81],"variability":[83],"shape":[85],"texture.":[87],"Therefore,":[88],"detecting":[89],"mapping":[91],"remains":[94],"a":[95,125,140],"challenging":[96],"task.":[97],"This":[98,144],"research":[99],"will":[100],"contribute":[101],"tools":[106],"identify":[108],"such":[109],"built-up":[111],"by":[113,136],"using":[114,131],"an":[115,194],"integrated":[116],"approach":[117],"multiscale":[119,141],"deep":[120],"learning.":[121],"The":[122,159],"authors":[123],"propose":[124],"composite":[126],"architecture":[127,134],"semantic":[129],"segmentation":[130],"U-net":[133,157],"aided":[135],"obtained":[138],"contourlet":[142,153],"transform.":[143],"work":[145],"also":[146],"analyzes":[147],"effects":[149],"wavelet":[151],"decompositions":[154],"architecture.":[158],"performance":[160],"was":[161,177],"evaluated":[162],"terms":[164],"precision,":[166],"recall,":[167],"F-score,":[168],"mean":[169],"intersection":[170],"over":[171],"union,":[172],"overall":[174,195],"accuracy.":[175],"It":[176],"found":[178],"that":[179],"proposed":[181],"method":[182],"has":[183,193],"better":[184],"class-discriminating":[185],"power":[186],"as":[187],"compared":[188],"existing":[190],"methods":[191],"classification":[196],"accuracy":[197],"94.9-95.7%.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}