{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3022219722","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20092721","title":"Convolutional Neural Networks for Image-Based Corn Kernel Detection and Counting","display_name":"Convolutional Neural Networks for Image-Based Corn Kernel Detection and Counting","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-05-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3022219722","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20092721","mag":"3022219722","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32397598"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20092721","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20092721","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/9/2721/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/9/2721/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Saeed Khaki","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Saeed Khaki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-3611, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-3611, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hieu Pham","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096784","display_name":"Syngenta (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00shfq002","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096784","https://openalex.org/I89199228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hieu Pham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Syngenta, Slater, IA 50244, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Syngenta, Slater, IA 50244, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096784"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ye Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4200-1891"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096784","display_name":"Syngenta (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00shfq002","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096784","https://openalex.org/I89199228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ye Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Syngenta, Slater, IA 50244, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Syngenta, Slater, IA 50244, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096784"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Andy Kuhl","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096784","display_name":"Syngenta (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00shfq002","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096784","https://openalex.org/I89199228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andy Kuhl","raw_affiliation_strings":["Syngenta, Slater, IA 50244, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Syngenta, Slater, IA 50244, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096784"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Wade Kent","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096784","display_name":"Syngenta (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00shfq002","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096784","https://openalex.org/I89199228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wade Kent","raw_affiliation_strings":["Syngenta, Slater, IA 50244, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Syngenta, Slater, IA 50244, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096784"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Lizhi Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lizhi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-3611, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-3611, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":11.1304,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":75,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98364152,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"9","first_page":"2721","last_page":"2721"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9445000290870667,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9445000290870667,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.009100000374019146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.008100000210106373,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.7537000179290771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7314000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sliding-window-protocol","display_name":"Sliding window protocol","score":0.7275000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5766000151634216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/window","display_name":"Window (computing)","score":0.5530999898910522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.4542999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zea-mays","display_name":"Zea mays","score":0.3828999996185303}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.7537000179290771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7314000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102392041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q592860","display_name":"Sliding window protocol","level":3,"score":0.7275000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6395000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5766000151634216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778751112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q835016","display_name":"Window (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5530999898910522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5127000212669373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4542999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3984000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.39590001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993531722","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11575","display_name":"Zea mays","level":2,"score":0.3828999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3781000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992211155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q889514","display_name":"Grain yield","level":2,"score":0.2953000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.28459998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134121241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899301","display_name":"Yield (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.27480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122280245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620622","display_name":"Kernel method","level":3,"score":0.2689000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83546350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139051","display_name":"Regression","level":2,"score":0.2635999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.26269999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71134354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q458825","display_name":"Kernel density estimation","level":3,"score":0.26179999113082886}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20092721","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20092721","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/9/2721/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32397598","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32397598","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2003.12025","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2003.12025","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2003.12025","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:406297b901244f1fba89aa7dd3b0285b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/406297b901244f1fba89aa7dd3b0285b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 20, Iss 9, p 2721 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/20/9/2721/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20092721","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7249160","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7249160","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20092721","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20092721","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/9/2721/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1135309805","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"GOALI","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4049666403","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EAGER","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4125589899","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1842097","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5921281487","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"number","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G848032724","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3022219722.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3022219722.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W145517780","https://openalex.org/W590480887","https://openalex.org/W1505191356","https://openalex.org/W1533861849","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1959647261","https://openalex.org/W1972544340","https://openalex.org/W1978232622","https://openalex.org/W2026992687","https://openalex.org/W2085789144","https://openalex.org/W2087877962","https://openalex.org/W2093920509","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2122111042","https://openalex.org/W2137983211","https://openalex.org/W2144506857","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2161336914","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2286295202","https://openalex.org/W2331071973","https://openalex.org/W2404007053","https://openalex.org/W2412887352","https://openalex.org/W2511273674","https://openalex.org/W2560311620","https://openalex.org/W2618732405","https://openalex.org/W2767406231","https://openalex.org/W2884367402","https://openalex.org/W2886762501","https://openalex.org/W2887280559","https://openalex.org/W2897179582","https://openalex.org/W2900473852","https://openalex.org/W2904287468","https://openalex.org/W2904871403","https://openalex.org/W2910788234","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2942064811","https://openalex.org/W2946689069","https://openalex.org/W2951213976","https://openalex.org/W2953907326","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2969924224","https://openalex.org/W2979646061","https://openalex.org/W2979948002","https://openalex.org/W2982418982","https://openalex.org/W2996180129","https://openalex.org/W2997952217","https://openalex.org/W3006380558","https://openalex.org/W3010421437","https://openalex.org/W3015774841","https://openalex.org/W4239510810","https://openalex.org/W4248437541","https://openalex.org/W6674330103","https://openalex.org/W6683411478","https://openalex.org/W6713134421","https://openalex.org/W6720047773","https://openalex.org/W6761343667","https://openalex.org/W6789374638"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Precise":[0],"in-season":[1],"corn":[2,25,42,64,110,115,188,206],"grain":[3,14],"yield":[4],"estimates":[5],"enable":[6],"farmers":[7],"to":[8,30,49,70,143,156,199],"make":[9],"real-time":[10],"accurate":[11],"harvest":[12],"and":[13,47,79,94,107,195],"marketing":[15],"decisions":[16],"minimizing":[17],"possible":[18],"losses":[19],"of":[20,41,58,74,170,173,205],"profitability.":[21],"A":[22],"well":[23],"developed":[24],"ear":[26,40,65,116],"can":[27,184],"have":[28],"up":[29],"800":[31],"kernels,":[32],"but":[33],"manually":[34],"counting":[35,95],"the":[36,56,59,71,84,163,171,181,187],"kernels":[37,60,75,111,189,201],"on":[38,98,202],"an":[39,53],"is":[43,67,141,196],"labor-intensive,":[44],"time":[45],"consuming":[46],"prone":[48],"human":[50],"error.":[51],"From":[52],"algorithmic":[54],"perspective,":[55],"detection":[57,93,193],"from":[61],"a":[62,91,99,113,128,137,191,203],"single":[63,114],"image":[66,117,175],"challenging":[68],"due":[69],"large":[72],"number":[73],"at":[76,209],"different":[77,210],"angles":[78],"very":[80],"small":[81],"distance":[82],"among":[83],"kernels.":[85],"In":[86],"this":[87],"paper,":[88],"we":[89],"propose":[90],"kernel":[92,134,153,174],"method":[96,105,183],"based":[97],"sliding":[100,124],"window":[101,125],"approach.":[102],"The":[103,123],"proposed":[104,182],"detects":[106],"counts":[108],"all":[109],"in":[112,119],"taken":[118],"uncontrolled":[120],"lighting":[121],"conditions.":[122],"approach":[126],"uses":[127],"convolutional":[129],"neural":[130],"network":[131],"(CNN)":[132],"for":[133,161],"detection.":[135],"Then,":[136],"non-maximum":[138],"suppression":[139],"(NMS)":[140],"applied":[142],"remove":[144],"overlapping":[145],"detections.":[146],"Finally,":[147],"windows":[148],"that":[149,180],"are":[150,154],"classified":[151],"as":[152],"passed":[155],"another":[157],"CNN":[158],"regression":[159],"model":[160],"finding":[162],"(":[164],"x":[165],",":[166],"y":[167],")":[168],"coordinates":[169],"center":[172],"patches.":[176],"Our":[177],"experiments":[178],"indicate":[179],"successfully":[185],"detect":[186,200],"with":[190],"low":[192],"error":[194],"also":[197],"able":[198],"batch":[204],"ears":[207],"positioned":[208],"angles.":[211]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-23T07:41:27.035349","created_date":"2020-05-13T00:00:00"}