{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3023853940","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20092671","title":"Distributed Target Tracking in Challenging Environments Using Multiple Asynchronous Bearing-Only Sensors","display_name":"Distributed Target Tracking in Challenging Environments Using Multiple Asynchronous Bearing-Only Sensors","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-05-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3023853940","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20092671","mag":"3023853940","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32392866"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20092671","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20092671","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20092671","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006790052","display_name":"Yifang Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1607-3629"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yifang Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Xiasha Higher Education Zone, 2rd Street, Hangzhou 310018, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1607-3629","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Xiasha Higher Education Zone, 2rd Street, Hangzhou 310018, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018257269","display_name":"Jee Woong Choi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3330-9146"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4575257","display_name":"Hanyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/046865y68","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jee Woong Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020790434","display_name":"Lei Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6454-2963"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["R&amp;D Center, Shenzhen XuanQi Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"R&amp;D Center, Shenzhen XuanQi Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518000, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076384646","display_name":"Hyung June Kim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4575257","display_name":"Hanyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/046865y68","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyung June Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Systems Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Systems Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083003945","display_name":"Ihsan Ullah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9062-8691"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3131573596","display_name":"Abbottabad University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0549hdw45","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3131573596"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ihsan Ullah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, COMSATS University, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9062-8691","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, COMSATS University, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3131573596"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005975806","display_name":"Uzair Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1393-8255"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3131573596","display_name":"Abbottabad University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0549hdw45","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3131573596"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Uzair Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, COMSATS University, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, COMSATS University, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3131573596"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083003945"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3131573596"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.68,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76208862,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"9","first_page":"2671","last_page":"2671"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12879","display_name":"Distributed Sensor Networks and Detection Algorithms","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clutter","display_name":"Clutter","score":0.6921646595001221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"Sensor fusion","score":0.6598564982414246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6555979251861572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.6113749742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion-center","display_name":"Fusion center","score":0.5957989692687988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asynchronous-communication","display_name":"Asynchronous communication","score":0.5929129123687744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.5556631684303284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-tracker","display_name":"Radar tracker","score":0.5139674544334412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.5039226412773132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bearing","display_name":"Bearing (navigation)","score":0.4881663918495178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking-system","display_name":"Tracking system","score":0.4477901756763458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3452533483505249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.2490728497505188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kalman-filter","display_name":"Kalman filter","score":0.11384889483451843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.11322185397148132}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132094186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641585","display_name":"Clutter","level":3,"score":0.6921646595001221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.6598564982414246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6555979251861572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.6113749742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781234732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q943505","display_name":"Fusion center","level":4,"score":0.5957989692687988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151319957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752739","display_name":"Asynchronous communication","level":2,"score":0.5929129123687744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.5556631684303284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32283439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1407014","display_name":"Radar tracker","level":3,"score":0.5139674544334412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.5039226412773132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199978012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1273815","display_name":"Bearing (navigation)","level":2,"score":0.4881663918495178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154586513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4420972","display_name":"Tracking system","level":3,"score":0.4477901756763458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3452533483505249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.2490728497505188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157286648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846780","display_name":"Kalman filter","level":2,"score":0.11384889483451843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.11322185397148132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149946192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3235733","display_name":"Cognitive radio","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20092671","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20092671","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32392866","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32392866","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:97bacdbc8e834a4babe88b195fc84e42","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/97bacdbc8e834a4babe88b195fc84e42","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 20, Iss 9, p 2671 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/20/9/2671/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20092671","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7248723","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7248723","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20092671","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20092671","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2124415842","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"LQ19F010009 and LZ20F010002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338464","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6270601893","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61901151","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338464","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W576301840","https://openalex.org/W625957030","https://openalex.org/W1910145917","https://openalex.org/W1973383077","https://openalex.org/W1989770234","https://openalex.org/W2016065197","https://openalex.org/W2023805156","https://openalex.org/W2072901556","https://openalex.org/W2108992974","https://openalex.org/W2117816453","https://openalex.org/W2127923214","https://openalex.org/W2131556629","https://openalex.org/W2132695119","https://openalex.org/W2146539768","https://openalex.org/W2154616225","https://openalex.org/W2155680787","https://openalex.org/W2165948751","https://openalex.org/W2169616393","https://openalex.org/W2469786371","https://openalex.org/W2559246338","https://openalex.org/W2610590776","https://openalex.org/W2613729368","https://openalex.org/W2901247895","https://openalex.org/W2915742029","https://openalex.org/W2923261322","https://openalex.org/W2968130068","https://openalex.org/W2977306635","https://openalex.org/W3012074273","https://openalex.org/W4254047253"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2000147971","https://openalex.org/W1558339915","https://openalex.org/W2066353259","https://openalex.org/W2734417830","https://openalex.org/W2349308680","https://openalex.org/W413436171","https://openalex.org/W1489621653","https://openalex.org/W2060761112","https://openalex.org/W3151342408","https://openalex.org/W1938087941"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,124],"the":[1,16,22,30,56,68,78,115,125,128,132,145,166,171,186],"multiple":[2],"asynchronous":[3],"bearing-only":[4],"(BO)":[5],"sensors":[6],"tracking":[7,64,70,85],"system,":[8],"there":[9],"usually":[10],"exist":[11],"two":[12,57],"main":[13],"challenges:":[14],"(1)":[15],"presence":[17],"of":[18,34,67,77,114,175,185],"clutter":[19,116],"measurements":[20],"and":[21,71,138,163],"target":[23,104,121,176],"misdetection":[24],"due":[25,38],"to":[26,39,142],"imperfect":[27],"sensing;":[28],"(2)":[29],"out-of-sequence":[31],"(OOS)":[32],"arrival":[33],"locally":[35],"transmitted":[36,148],"information":[37,147],"diverse":[40],"sensor":[41,90,161],"sampling":[42],"interval":[43],"or":[44,48],"internal":[45],"processing":[46],"time":[47],"uncertain":[49],"communication":[50],"delay.":[51],"This":[52],"paper":[53],"simultaneously":[54],"addresses":[55],"problems":[58],"by":[59,149,169,191],"proposing":[60],"a":[61,87,94,179],"novel":[62,95],"distributed":[63,134],"architecture":[65],"consisting":[66],"local":[69,84,96,160],"central":[72,126],"fusion.":[73],"To":[74],"get":[75],"rid":[76],"kinematic":[79],"state":[80,106],"unobservability":[81],"problem":[82],"in":[83],"for":[86,103],"single":[88],"BO":[89,151],"scenario,":[91],"we":[92],"propose":[93],"integrated":[97],"probabilistic":[98],"data":[99],"association":[100],"(LIPDA)":[101],"method":[102],"measurement":[105,117,122],"tracking.":[107],"The":[108,153,183],"proposed":[109,133,187],"approach":[110,141],"enables":[111],"eliminating":[112],"most":[113],"disturbance":[118],"with":[119],"increased":[120],"accuracy.":[123],"tracking,":[127],"fusion":[129,137,167],"center":[130,168],"uses":[131],"IPDA-forward":[135],"prediction":[136],"decorrelation":[139],"(DIPDA-FPFD)":[140],"sequentially":[143],"fuse":[144],"OOS":[146],"each":[150],"sensor.":[152],"track":[154,180],"management":[155],"is":[156],"carried":[157],"out":[158],"at":[159,165],"level":[162],"also":[164],"using":[170],"recursively":[172],"calculated":[173],"probability":[174],"existence":[177],"as":[178],"quality":[181],"measure.":[182],"efficiency":[184],"methodology":[188],"was":[189],"validated":[190],"intensive":[192],"numerical":[193],"experiments.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
