{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3018073244","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20082417","title":"Covert Timing Channel Analysis Either as Cyber Attacks or Confidential Applications","display_name":"Covert Timing Channel Analysis Either as Cyber Attacks or Confidential Applications","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-04-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3018073244","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20082417","mag":"3018073244","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32344534"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20082417","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20082417","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/8/2417/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/8/2417/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018183651","display_name":"Shorouq Al-Eidi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4090-3736"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130438778","display_name":"Memorial University of Newfoundland","ror":"https://ror.org/04haebc03","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shorouq Al-Eidi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John\u2019s, NL A1B 3R7, Canada","Computer Science Department, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3R7, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4090-3736","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John\u2019s, NL A1B 3R7, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3R7, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091723521","display_name":"Omar Darwish","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8346-7148"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152372855","display_name":"Ferrum College","ror":"https://ror.org/0128ckf82","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152372855"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Omar Darwish","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Information System Department, Ferrum College, Ferrum, VA 24088, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8346-7148","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Information System Department, Ferrum College, Ferrum, VA 24088, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152372855"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067333778","display_name":"Yuanzhu Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6998-6408"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130438778","display_name":"Memorial University of Newfoundland","ror":"https://ror.org/04haebc03","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuanzhu Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John\u2019s, NL A1B 3R7, Canada","Computer Science Department, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3R7, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John\u2019s, NL A1B 3R7, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3R7, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018183651"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.6321,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87129373,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"8","first_page":"2417","last_page":"2417"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.991100013256073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert-channel","display_name":"Covert channel","score":0.8175406455993652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert","display_name":"Covert","score":0.7667405009269714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7167658805847168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication-source","display_name":"Communication source","score":0.7099952697753906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.6703893542289734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.6444427967071533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.5676983594894409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4706788659095764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.46764111518859863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.41470369696617126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3697672486305237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.16151735186576843}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29024540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476964","display_name":"Covert channel","level":5,"score":0.8175406455993652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779338814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179285","display_name":"Covert","level":2,"score":0.7667405009269714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7167658805847168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198104137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q974688","display_name":"Communication source","level":2,"score":0.7099952697753906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.6703893542289734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.6444427967071533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.5676983594894409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4706788659095764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.46764111518859863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.41470369696617126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3697672486305237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.16151735186576843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103377522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3493999","display_name":"Security information and event management","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184842701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370563","display_name":"Cloud computing security","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20082417","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20082417","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/8/2417/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32344534","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32344534","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:research.library.mun.ca:14865","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401319","display_name":"Memorial University Research Repository (Memorial University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I130438778","host_organization_name":"Memorial University of Newfoundland","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a9af0b193a524332a9ca62638c565ee8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a9af0b193a524332a9ca62638c565ee8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 20, Iss 8, p 2417 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/20/8/2417/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20082417","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7219501","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7219501","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20082417","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20082417","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/8/2417/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7699999809265137,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1471507","https://openalex.org/W9827866","https://openalex.org/W1489265452","https://openalex.org/W1573224992","https://openalex.org/W1588277031","https://openalex.org/W1654127184","https://openalex.org/W1827189246","https://openalex.org/W1958789226","https://openalex.org/W1982531156","https://openalex.org/W1993704367","https://openalex.org/W2040034272","https://openalex.org/W2054223115","https://openalex.org/W2060949882","https://openalex.org/W2107655538","https://openalex.org/W2112684840","https://openalex.org/W2131588610","https://openalex.org/W2132177566","https://openalex.org/W2150092124","https://openalex.org/W2151185692","https://openalex.org/W2157970202","https://openalex.org/W2158205231","https://openalex.org/W2329612710","https://openalex.org/W2611276780","https://openalex.org/W2737888022","https://openalex.org/W2738114525","https://openalex.org/W2745274551","https://openalex.org/W2779156517","https://openalex.org/W2793647790","https://openalex.org/W2802530176","https://openalex.org/W2908115006","https://openalex.org/W2937286339","https://openalex.org/W2951498981","https://openalex.org/W2962883682","https://openalex.org/W2982382772","https://openalex.org/W3104767768","https://openalex.org/W6600407745","https://openalex.org/W6629134036","https://openalex.org/W7002367823","https://openalex.org/W7067753634"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2409612194","https://openalex.org/W4224042389","https://openalex.org/W174282171","https://openalex.org/W20460883","https://openalex.org/W1587013156","https://openalex.org/W4392755040","https://openalex.org/W4239080508","https://openalex.org/W2326198059","https://openalex.org/W4319780484","https://openalex.org/W4386088729"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Covert":[0],"timing":[1,21,62,113,157],"channels":[2,22,63,114,158],"are":[3,24],"an":[4],"important":[5],"alternative":[6],"for":[7],"transmitting":[8],"information":[9,100],"in":[10,26,60,115,124],"the":[11,14,35,42,50,54,67,87,95,107,128,137,147],"world":[12],"of":[13,16,38,44,69,89,91,97,111,149],"Internet":[15],"Things":[17],"(IoT).":[18],"In":[19,102,153],"covert":[20,61,76,112,156],"data":[23],"encoded":[25],"inter-arrival":[27,108,151],"times":[28],"between":[29],"consecutive":[30],"packets":[31,52],"based":[32,120],"on":[33,53,82,121],"modifying":[34],"transmission":[36],"time":[37,45,109],"legitimate":[39,79,150],"traffic.":[40,80],"Typically,":[41],"modification":[43],"takes":[46],"place":[47],"by":[48],"delaying":[49,130],"transmitted":[51],"sender":[55],"side.":[56],"A":[57],"key":[58],"aspect":[59],"is":[64,139],"to":[65,142],"find":[66],"threshold":[68,131,138],"packet":[70,129],"delay":[71],"that":[72,83,136],"can":[73,85],"accurately":[74],"distinguish":[75],"traffic":[77],"from":[78],"Based":[81],"we":[84,105,126],"assess":[86],"level":[88],"dangerous":[90],"security":[92],"threats":[93],"or":[94,143],"quality":[96],"transferred":[98],"sensitive":[99],"secretly.":[101],"this":[103,154],"paper,":[104],"study":[106],"behavior":[110],"two":[116],"different":[117],"network":[118],"configurations":[119],"statistical":[122],"metrics,":[123],"addition":[125],"investigate":[127],"value.":[132],"Our":[133],"experiments":[134],"show":[135],"approximately":[140],"equal":[141],"greater":[144],"than":[145],"double":[146],"mean":[148],"times.":[152],"case":[155],"become":[159],"detectable":[160],"as":[161],"strong":[162],"anomalies.":[163]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}