{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3017284317","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20082339","title":"Fault Diagnosis of Wind Turbine Gearbox Based on the Optimized LSTM Neural Network with Cosine Loss","display_name":"Fault Diagnosis of Wind Turbine Gearbox Based on the Optimized LSTM Neural Network with Cosine Loss","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-04-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3017284317","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20082339","mag":"3017284317","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32325985"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20082339","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20082339","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/8/2339/pdf?version=1587377186","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/8/2339/pdf?version=1587377186","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000834835","display_name":"Aijun Yin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2440-3889"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Aijun Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China","State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmissions, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmissions, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034297296","display_name":"Yinghua Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0569-2881"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yinghua Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China","State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmissions, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmissions, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zhiyu Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiyu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China","State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmissions, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmissions, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100404427","display_name":"Chuan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0004-1497"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145581781","display_name":"Chongqing Technology and Business University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hqf1284","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145581781"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chuan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Center of System Health Maintenance, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 400067, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center of System Health Maintenance, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 400067, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145581781"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076471821","display_name":"Ren\u00e9\u2013Vinicio S\u00e1nchez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0395-9228"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3132940433","display_name":"Politecnica Salesiana University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f11af73","country_code":"EC","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3132940433"]}],"countries":["EC"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ren\u00e9-Vinicio S\u00e1nchez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica Salesiana, Cuenca 010105, Ecuador"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0395-9228","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica Salesiana, Cuenca 010105, Ecuador","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132940433"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000834835"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":7.0752,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":101,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97800111,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"8","first_page":"2339","last_page":"2339"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13891","display_name":"Engineering Diagnostics and Reliability","score":0.9794999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14339","display_name":"Image Processing and 3D Reconstruction","score":0.9789999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault","display_name":"Fault (geology)","score":0.707639753818512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turbine","display_name":"Turbine","score":0.705919623374939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6751802563667297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5538731813430786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4212830066680908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3547598123550415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.3373016119003296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.3292337656021118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.3243177533149719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.17129743099212646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.10425999760627747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seismology","display_name":"Seismology","score":0.09388116002082825}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.707639753818512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778449969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130760","display_name":"Turbine","level":2,"score":0.705919623374939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6751802563667297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5538731813430786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4212830066680908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3547598123550415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.3373016119003296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3292337656021118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.3243177533149719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.17129743099212646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.10425999760627747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.09388116002082825}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20082339","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20082339","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/8/2339/pdf?version=1587377186","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32325985","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32325985","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7bd70fcab23a4cc5a2d48e2b1f3ce257","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7bd70fcab23a4cc5a2d48e2b1f3ce257","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 20, Iss 8, p 2339 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/20/8/2339/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20082339","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7219242","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7219242","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20082339","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20082339","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/8/2339/pdf?version=1587377186","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.7400000095367432,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3017284317.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3017284317.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W169221066","https://openalex.org/W406261734","https://openalex.org/W764138948","https://openalex.org/W950853366","https://openalex.org/W1918349052","https://openalex.org/W2030049536","https://openalex.org/W2048522269","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2077942936","https://openalex.org/W2113070884","https://openalex.org/W2126584714","https://openalex.org/W2144499799","https://openalex.org/W2145935570","https://openalex.org/W2219903032","https://openalex.org/W2317595875","https://openalex.org/W2376738503","https://openalex.org/W2440930599","https://openalex.org/W2482081822","https://openalex.org/W2520774990","https://openalex.org/W2556449496","https://openalex.org/W2569032810","https://openalex.org/W2597953741","https://openalex.org/W2609296554","https://openalex.org/W2755314367","https://openalex.org/W2786817236","https://openalex.org/W2808496542","https://openalex.org/W2840456810","https://openalex.org/W2960729906","https://openalex.org/W2962898354","https://openalex.org/W2963466847","https://openalex.org/W2965161593","https://openalex.org/W2987480074","https://openalex.org/W2994412185"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2090695973","https://openalex.org/W2391251536","https://openalex.org/W2362198218","https://openalex.org/W1982750869","https://openalex.org/W2019521278","https://openalex.org/W1984922432","https://openalex.org/W1977513696","https://openalex.org/W2375008505","https://openalex.org/W2362413535","https://openalex.org/W2372829958"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,87,113,133,168],"gearbox":[1,19,149,178],"is":[2,20,139,159],"one":[3],"of":[4,9,16,21,56,64,105,122,135],"the":[5,17,52,62,103,110,118,123,130,136,142,156,172],"most":[6],"fragile":[7],"parts":[8],"a":[10,69,148],"wind":[11,74],"turbine":[12,75],"(WT).":[13],"Fault":[14],"diagnosis":[15,38,71,111,151,166],"WT":[18],"great":[22],"importance":[23],"to":[24,95,128],"reduce":[25],"operation":[26],"and":[27,31,108,117],"maintenance":[28],"(O&M)":[29],"costs":[30],"improve":[32,109],"cost-effectiveness.":[33],"At":[34],"present,":[35],"intelligent":[36],"fault":[37,70,143,150,165,179],"methods":[39],"based":[40,77],"on":[41,78,147],"long":[42],"short-term":[43],"memory":[44],"(LSTM)":[45],"networks":[46,82],"have":[47],"been":[48],"widely":[49],"adopted.":[50],"As":[51],"traditional":[53],"softmax":[54],"loss":[55,85,88],"an":[57],"LSTM":[58,80],"network":[59],"usually":[60],"lacks":[61],"power":[63],"discrimination,":[65],"this":[66],"paper":[67],"proposes":[68],"method":[72,138,158],"for":[73,177],"gearboxes":[76],"optimized":[79],"neural":[81],"with":[83,141,162],"cosine":[84,99],"(Cos-LSTM).":[86],"can":[89],"be":[90],"converted":[91],"from":[92],"Euclid":[93],"space":[94,97],"angular":[96],"by":[98],"loss,":[100],"thus":[101],"eliminating":[102],"effect":[104],"signal":[106],"strength":[107],"accuracy.":[112],"energy":[114,120],"sequence":[115],"features":[116],"wavelet":[119],"entropy":[121],"vibration":[124,144],"signals":[125],"are":[126],"used":[127],"evaluate":[129],"Cos-LSTM":[131,157,173],"networks.":[132],"effectiveness":[134],"proposed":[137],"verified":[140],"data":[145],"collected":[146],"experimental":[152],"platform.":[153],"In":[154],"addition,":[155],"also":[160],"compared":[161],"other":[163],"classic":[164],"techniques.":[167],"results":[169],"demonstrate":[170],"that":[171],"has":[174],"better":[175],"performance":[176],"diagnosis.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
