{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3015736093","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20072145","title":"YOLO-Tomato: A Robust Algorithm for Tomato Detection Based on YOLOv3","display_name":"YOLO-Tomato: A Robust Algorithm for Tomato Detection Based on YOLOv3","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-04-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3015736093","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20072145","mag":"3015736093","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32290173"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20072145","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20072145","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/7/2145/pdf?version=1586829180","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/7/2145/pdf?version=1586829180","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027329210","display_name":"Guoxu Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3668-4569"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136047","display_name":"Weifang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04ha2bb10","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136047"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4921948","display_name":"Pusan National University","ror":"https://ror.org/01an57a31","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4921948"]}],"countries":["CN","KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guoxu Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Software Institute, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Shouguang 262-700, China","Department of Electronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3668-4569","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Software Institute, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Shouguang 262-700, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136047"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4921948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066142485","display_name":"Nouaze Joseph Christian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0074-227X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4921948","display_name":"Pusan National University","ror":"https://ror.org/01an57a31","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4921948"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph Christian Nouaze","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0074-227X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4921948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080059207","display_name":"Philippe Lyonel Touko Mbouembe","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4921948","display_name":"Pusan National University","ror":"https://ror.org/01an57a31","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4921948"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philippe Lyonel Touko Mbouembe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4921948"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100649967","display_name":"Jae Ho Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4323-4790"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4921948","display_name":"Pusan National University","ror":"https://ror.org/01an57a31","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4921948"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jae Ho Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4921948"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100649967"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4921948"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":56.8915,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":414,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99942485,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"7","first_page":"2145","last_page":"2145"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14365","display_name":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","score":0.9491999745368958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9442999958992004,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intersection","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","score":0.6789132356643677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bounding-overwatch","display_name":"Bounding overwatch","score":0.6745646595954895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minimum-bounding-box","display_name":"Minimum bounding box","score":0.6681948900222778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.5648548007011414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5393092632293701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5341765880584717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reuse","display_name":"Reuse","score":0.5059027075767517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.42294007539749146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4207855463027954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.35677972435951233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.26273301243782043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2088322639465332}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64543145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162942","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.6789132356643677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63584917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333286","display_name":"Bounding overwatch","level":2,"score":0.6745646595954895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147037132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6865426","display_name":"Minimum bounding box","level":3,"score":0.6681948900222778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.5648548007011414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5393092632293701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5341765880584717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206588197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846574","display_name":"Reuse","level":2,"score":0.5059027075767517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.42294007539749146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4207855463027954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.35677972435951233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.26273301243782043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2088322639465332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20072145","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20072145","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/7/2145/pdf?version=1586829180","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32290173","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32290173","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6b32fb32fcb4479abb6cffcd5cf85b14","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6b32fb32fcb4479abb6cffcd5cf85b14","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 20, Iss 7, p 2145 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/20/7/2145/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20072145","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7180616","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7180616","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20072145","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20072145","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/7/2145/pdf?version=1586829180","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321284","display_name":"Pusan National University","ror":"https://ror.org/01an57a31"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337407","display_name":"Division of Human Resource Development","ror":"https://ror.org/03mamvh39"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3015736093.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3015736093.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W1974962742","https://openalex.org/W1980180011","https://openalex.org/W2007112731","https://openalex.org/W2031489346","https://openalex.org/W2064352738","https://openalex.org/W2072364589","https://openalex.org/W2091119928","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2156585878","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2168356304","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2196989058","https://openalex.org/W2255840091","https://openalex.org/W2274287116","https://openalex.org/W2396098103","https://openalex.org/W2413122674","https://openalex.org/W2467954037","https://openalex.org/W2501369945","https://openalex.org/W2564790728","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2570343428","https://openalex.org/W2611227133","https://openalex.org/W2613718673","https://openalex.org/W2790979755","https://openalex.org/W2796347433","https://openalex.org/W2942551514","https://openalex.org/W2949117887","https://openalex.org/W2951548327","https://openalex.org/W2953106684","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2963523428","https://openalex.org/W2964350391","https://openalex.org/W4252684946","https://openalex.org/W6682889407","https://openalex.org/W6687540770"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4237171675","https://openalex.org/W3036286480","https://openalex.org/W4287027631","https://openalex.org/W3192357901","https://openalex.org/W2387360586","https://openalex.org/W2952736415","https://openalex.org/W3209723314","https://openalex.org/W3205398323","https://openalex.org/W2883297582","https://openalex.org/W4390524233"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automatic":[0],"fruit":[1,30],"detection":[2,31,40,140,147],"is":[3,44,57],"a":[4,71,88],"very":[5,32],"important":[6],"benefit":[7],"of":[8,65,130],"harvesting":[9],"robots.":[10],"However,":[11],"complicated":[12],"environment":[13],"conditions,":[14],"such":[15],"as":[16,23,25],"illumination":[17],"variation,":[18],"branch,":[19],"and":[20,67,74,107,142],"leaf":[21],"occlusion":[22],"well":[24],"tomato":[26,39,94],"overlap,":[27],"have":[28],"made":[29],"challenging.":[33],"In":[34],"this":[35],"study,":[36],"an":[37],"improved":[38],"model":[41,79],"called":[42],"YOLO-Tomato":[43,134],"proposed":[45],"for":[46,93,114],"dealing":[47],"with":[48,87],"these":[49,131],"problems,":[50],"based":[51],"on":[52],"YOLOv3.":[53],"A":[54],"dense":[55],"architecture":[56],"incorporated":[58],"into":[59],"YOLOv3":[60],"to":[61,69,137],"facilitate":[62],"the":[63,78,81,103,110,115,128,145],"reuse":[64],"features":[66],"help":[68],"learn":[70],"more":[72,105],"compact":[73],"accurate":[75],"model.":[76],"Moreover,":[77],"replaces":[80],"traditional":[82],"rectangular":[83],"bounding":[84,90,98],"box":[85,91],"(R-Bbox)":[86],"circular":[89],"(C-Bbox)":[92],"localization.":[95],"The":[96,133],"new":[97],"boxes":[99],"can":[100],"then":[101],"match":[102],"tomatoes":[104],"precisely,":[106],"thus":[108],"improve":[109],"Intersection-over-Union":[111],"(IoU)":[112],"calculation":[113],"Non-Maximum":[116],"Suppression":[117],"(NMS).":[118],"They":[119],"also":[120],"reduce":[121],"prediction":[122],"coordinates.":[123],"An":[124],"ablation":[125],"study":[126],"demonstrated":[127],"efficacy":[129],"modifications.":[132],"was":[135],"compared":[136],"several":[138],"state-of-the-art":[139],"methods":[141],"it":[143],"had":[144],"best":[146],"performance.":[148]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":59},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":89},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":90},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":78},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":60},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":18}],"updated_date":"2026-06-05T09:01:59.212387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}