{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3016100773","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20072138","title":"Vacant Parking Slot Detection in the Around View Image Based on Deep Learning","display_name":"Vacant Parking Slot Detection in the Around View Image Based on Deep Learning","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-04-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3016100773","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20072138","mag":"3016100773","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32290183"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20072138","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20072138","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/7/2138/pdf?version=1586754248","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/7/2138/pdf?version=1586754248","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090142544","display_name":"Wei Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1075-8056"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16609230","display_name":"Hunan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05htk5m33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Changsha 410006, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1075-8056","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Changsha 410006, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101804092","display_name":"Libo Cao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16609230","display_name":"Hunan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05htk5m33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Libo Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Changsha 410006, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Changsha 410006, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021779929","display_name":"Lingbo Yan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16609230","display_name":"Hunan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05htk5m33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lingbo Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Changsha 410006, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1783-9529","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Changsha 410006, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101473265","display_name":"Chaohui Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6196-1191"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16609230","display_name":"Hunan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05htk5m33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chaohui Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Changsha 410006, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Changsha 410006, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041347071","display_name":"Xiexing Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1771-2955"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16609230","display_name":"Hunan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05htk5m33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiexing Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Changsha 410006, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Changsha 410006, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066089981","display_name":"Peijie Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4473-2943"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113138","display_name":"Guangzhou Automobile Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/026fzn952","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113138"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peijie Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["GAC Parts Corporation Limited, Guangzhou 510630, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GAC Parts Corporation Limited, Guangzhou 510630, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113138"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5021779929"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":4.8181,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":61,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95206449,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"7","first_page":"2138","last_page":"2138"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12546","display_name":"Smart Parking Systems Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12546","display_name":"Smart Parking Systems Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7086002826690674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parking-lot","display_name":"Parking lot","score":0.6968090534210205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.603181779384613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5493825674057007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recall-rate","display_name":"Recall rate","score":0.5094311833381653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.4995453357696533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4307391047477722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.4237768054008484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.41270604729652405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.38260969519615173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.37162134051322937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.14512649178504944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09200987219810486}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7086002826690674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777427512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6501349","display_name":"Parking lot","level":2,"score":0.6968090534210205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.603181779384613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5493825674057007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987098735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3808900","display_name":"Recall rate","level":2,"score":0.5094311833381653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.4995453357696533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4307391047477722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4237768054008484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.41270604729652405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.38260969519615173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.37162134051322937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14512649178504944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09200987219810486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20072138","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20072138","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/7/2138/pdf?version=1586754248","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32290183","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32290183","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:80c2e6e098e94127bb0a75c5740c5c95","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/80c2e6e098e94127bb0a75c5740c5c95","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 20, Iss 7, p 2138 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/20/7/2138/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20072138","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7181018","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7181018","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20072138","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20072138","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/7/2138/pdf?version=1586754248","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7099999785423279,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3268826684","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51605152","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1577784296","https://openalex.org/W1596591750","https://openalex.org/W1988790447","https://openalex.org/W2000431576","https://openalex.org/W2021395917","https://openalex.org/W2050254124","https://openalex.org/W2060489041","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2109255472","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2121553527","https://openalex.org/W2121796793","https://openalex.org/W2133026742","https://openalex.org/W2141464147","https://openalex.org/W2146811074","https://openalex.org/W2148690598","https://openalex.org/W2158525823","https://openalex.org/W2160115232","https://openalex.org/W2163352848","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2295659386","https://openalex.org/W2343144455","https://openalex.org/W2355952578","https://openalex.org/W2514263628","https://openalex.org/W2515679514","https://openalex.org/W2545300838","https://openalex.org/W2570343428","https://openalex.org/W2616575684","https://openalex.org/W2775123583","https://openalex.org/W2794291179","https://openalex.org/W2801291731","https://openalex.org/W2887902357","https://openalex.org/W2889463320","https://openalex.org/W2898682908","https://openalex.org/W2910380392","https://openalex.org/W2914140616","https://openalex.org/W2964238526","https://openalex.org/W2968805489","https://openalex.org/W2971092676","https://openalex.org/W2982083293","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W4289541208","https://openalex.org/W6676770471","https://openalex.org/W6683411478","https://openalex.org/W6756040250"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2949096641","https://openalex.org/W2970686063","https://openalex.org/W4320729701","https://openalex.org/W4254103348","https://openalex.org/W3210378990","https://openalex.org/W3034745255","https://openalex.org/W4324088501","https://openalex.org/W4315471928","https://openalex.org/W3016100773","https://openalex.org/W4287828804"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Due":[0],"to":[1,36,139],"the":[2,15,23,59,76,93,96,100,118,140,143,169,178],"complex":[3],"visual":[4],"environment,":[5],"such":[6],"as":[7],"lighting":[8],"variations,":[9],"shadows,":[10],"and":[11,72,132,162,172,187],"limitations":[12],"of":[13,17,95,102,129,134,142,160,166],"vision,":[14],"accuracy":[16],"vacant":[18,46,60,153,195],"parking":[19,47,61,69,77,84,97,108,144,154,196],"slot":[20,48,62,70,78,85,98],"detection":[21,49,63,71,79,86,185],"for":[22],"park":[24],"assist":[25],"system":[26],"(PAS)":[27],"with":[28,99,156],"a":[29,45,65,83,124,157,163,174,183,188],"standalone":[30],"around":[31],"view":[32],"monitor":[33],"(AVM)":[34],"needs":[35],"be":[37,111],"improved.":[38],"To":[39],"address":[40],"this":[41],"problem,":[42,67],"we":[43,81,122],"propose":[44,82],"method":[50,87],"based":[51,88],"on":[52,89],"deep":[53],"learning,":[54],"namely":[55],"VPS-Net.":[56],"VPS-Net":[57,149,191],"converts":[58],"into":[64],"two-step":[66],"including":[68],"occupancy":[73,119],"classification.":[74],"In":[75,117],"stage,":[80,121],"YOLOv3,":[90],"which":[91],"combines":[92],"classification":[94,120,189],"localization":[101],"marking":[103],"points":[104],"so":[105],"that":[106,148],"various":[107,152,194],"slots":[109,155,197],"can":[110,150,192],"directly":[112],"inferred":[113],"using":[114],"geometric":[115],"cues.":[116],"design":[123],"customized":[125],"network":[126,186],"whose":[127],"size":[128],"convolution":[130],"kernel":[131],"number":[133],"layers":[135],"are":[136],"adjusted":[137],"according":[138],"characteristics":[141],"slot.":[145],"Experiments":[146],"show":[147],"detect":[151,193],"precision":[158],"rate":[159,165],"99.63%":[161],"recall":[164],"99.31%":[167],"in":[168,177],"ps2.0":[170],"dataset,":[171],"has":[173],"satisfying":[175],"generalizability":[176],"PSV":[179],"dataset.":[180],"By":[181],"introducing":[182],"multi-object":[184],"network,":[190],"robustly.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}