{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3016245448","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20072069","title":"Automatic Pixel-Level Crack Detection on Dam Surface Using Deep Convolutional Network","display_name":"Automatic Pixel-Level Crack Detection on Dam Surface Using Deep Convolutional Network","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-04-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3016245448","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20072069","mag":"3016245448","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32272652"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20072069","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20072069","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/7/2069/pdf?version=1586311012","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/7/2069/pdf?version=1586311012","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036051329","display_name":"Chuncheng Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1822-7257"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1297991670","display_name":"Southwest University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04d996474","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1297991670"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chuncheng Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297991670"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046346919","display_name":"Zhang Hua","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0945-6613"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1297991670","display_name":"Southwest University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04d996474","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1297991670"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hua Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297991670"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100324817","display_name":"Haoran Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9957-5469"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Haoran Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065660222","display_name":"Shuang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4940-1211"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095546","display_name":"Tsinghua Sichuan Energy Internet Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00pkx4k51","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210095546"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sichuan Energy Internet Research Institute, Tsinghua University, Chengdu 610000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sichuan Energy Internet Research Institute, Tsinghua University, Chengdu 610000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095546","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101418479","display_name":"Yonglong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4113-2408"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095546","display_name":"Tsinghua Sichuan Energy Internet Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00pkx4k51","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210095546"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yonglong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sichuan Energy Internet Research Institute, Tsinghua University, Chengdu 610000, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4113-2408","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sichuan Energy Internet Research Institute, Tsinghua University, Chengdu 610000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095546","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100324817"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":9.4292,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":128,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99012073,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"7","first_page":"2069","last_page":"2069"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12293","display_name":"Dam Engineering and Safety","score":0.9800000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10577","display_name":"Hydrology and Sediment Transport Processes","score":0.9718000292778015,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5581689476966858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.543430745601654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.5077889561653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.5015106201171875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.4699951112270355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.465692400932312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.438896507024765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3743530511856079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3664690852165222}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5581689476966858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.543430745601654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.5077889561653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.5015106201171875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.4699951112270355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.465692400932312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.438896507024765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3743530511856079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3664690852165222}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20072069","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20072069","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/7/2069/pdf?version=1586311012","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32272652","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32272652","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:37695dc43c1e40348575612ba6f0078c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/37695dc43c1e40348575612ba6f0078c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 20, Iss 7, p 2069 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/20/7/2069/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20072069","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7180706","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7180706","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20072069","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20072069","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/7/2069/pdf?version=1586311012","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G115605570","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019YFB1310504","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3016245448.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3016245448.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1513670756","https://openalex.org/W1665214252","https://openalex.org/W1862829300","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1925745898","https://openalex.org/W1960097882","https://openalex.org/W1969393996","https://openalex.org/W1975831815","https://openalex.org/W1986526928","https://openalex.org/W2033819500","https://openalex.org/W2039367092","https://openalex.org/W2071905184","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2106238010","https://openalex.org/W2325975990","https://openalex.org/W2407692387","https://openalex.org/W2478677992","https://openalex.org/W2539991656","https://openalex.org/W2560023338","https://openalex.org/W2586750457","https://openalex.org/W2598457882","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2625840022","https://openalex.org/W2729478895","https://openalex.org/W2757455114","https://openalex.org/W2761455903","https://openalex.org/W2765854388","https://openalex.org/W2768955070","https://openalex.org/W2792249564","https://openalex.org/W2800346298","https://openalex.org/W2801439730","https://openalex.org/W2803542800","https://openalex.org/W2806828180","https://openalex.org/W2884786778","https://openalex.org/W2889494142","https://openalex.org/W2891363856","https://openalex.org/W2896894644","https://openalex.org/W2899242765","https://openalex.org/W2905163589","https://openalex.org/W2908667960","https://openalex.org/W2920633487","https://openalex.org/W2963881378","https://openalex.org/W2964217532","https://openalex.org/W2990135307","https://openalex.org/W4234127492"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W2951211570","https://openalex.org/W3103566983","https://openalex.org/W2949096641","https://openalex.org/W2969228573","https://openalex.org/W2970686063","https://openalex.org/W4320729701","https://openalex.org/W2963690996","https://openalex.org/W4254103348"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Crack":[0],"detection":[1,19,48,55,70,192],"on":[2,22,71,109,179],"dam":[3,58,72,91,194],"surfaces":[4],"is":[5,79,123,129],"an":[6,84],"important":[7],"task":[8],"for":[9,57,190],"safe":[10],"inspection":[11],"of":[12,33,44,68,120,142,162,193],"hydropower":[13],"stations.":[14],"More":[15],"and":[16,41,53,117,132,155,169,175],"more":[17,51],"object":[18],"methods":[20,35],"based":[21],"deep":[23,76],"learning":[24],"are":[25,101,106,149,171],"being":[26],"applied":[27],"to":[28,89,112],"crack":[29,47,64,69,104,115,136,163,191],"detection.":[30],"However,":[31],"most":[32],"the":[34,39,114,118,126,135,140,143,146,165,184],"can":[36,49],"only":[37],"achieve":[38],"classification":[40],"rough":[42],"location":[43],"cracks.":[45],"Pixel-level":[46],"provide":[50],"intuitive":[52],"accurate":[54],"results":[56,148,178],"health":[59],"assessment.":[60],"To":[61,138],"realize":[62],"pixel-level":[63],"detection,":[65],"a":[66,95],"method":[67],"surface":[73,92],"(CDDS)":[74],"using":[75,134],"convolution":[77],"network":[78,122,128,158,186],"proposed.":[80],"First,":[81],"we":[82],"use":[83],"unmanned":[85],"aerial":[86],"vehicle":[87],"(UAV)":[88],"collect":[90],"images":[93,100,111],"along":[94],"predetermined":[96],"trajectory.":[97],"Second,":[98],"raw":[99],"cropped.":[102],"Then":[103],"regions":[105],"manually":[107],"labelled":[108],"cropped":[110],"create":[113],"dataset,":[116],"architecture":[119],"CDDS":[121,127,144,185],"designed.":[124],"Finally,":[125],"trained,":[130],"validated":[131],"tested":[133],"dataset.":[137],"validate":[139],"performance":[141,189],"network,":[145],"predicted":[147],"compared":[150],"with":[151],"ResNet152-based,":[152],"SegNet,":[153],"UNet":[154],"fully":[156],"convolutional":[157],"(FCN).":[159],"In":[160],"terms":[161],"segmentation,":[164],"recall,":[166],"precision,":[167],"F-measure":[168],"IoU":[170],"80.45%,":[172],"80.31%,":[173],"79.16%,":[174],"66.76%.":[176],"The":[177],"test":[180],"dataset":[181],"show":[182],"that":[183],"has":[187],"better":[188],"surfaces.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}