{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3013244916","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20071822","title":"Ultrasound Image-Based Diagnosis of Malignant Thyroid Nodule Using Artificial Intelligence","display_name":"Ultrasound Image-Based Diagnosis of Malignant Thyroid Nodule Using Artificial Intelligence","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-03-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3013244916","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20071822","mag":"3013244916","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32218230"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20071822","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20071822","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/7/1822/pdf?version=1585580794","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/7/1822/pdf?version=1585580794","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023881129","display_name":"Dat Tien Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6029-6849"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205490536","display_name":"Dongguk University","ror":"https://ror.org/057q6n778","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dat Tien Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018168347","display_name":"Jin Kyu Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9293-4502"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205490536","display_name":"Dongguk University","ror":"https://ror.org/057q6n778","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin Kyu Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058898555","display_name":"Tuyen Danh Pham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0355-4995"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205490536","display_name":"Dongguk University","ror":"https://ror.org/057q6n778","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tuyen Danh Pham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086481810","display_name":"Ganbayar Batchuluun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1456-5697"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205490536","display_name":"Dongguk University","ror":"https://ror.org/057q6n778","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ganbayar Batchuluun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083173630","display_name":"Kang Ryoung Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1214-9510"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205490536","display_name":"Dongguk University","ror":"https://ror.org/057q6n778","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kang Ryoung Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5058898555"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":10.4247,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":112,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98757734,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"7","first_page":"1822","last_page":"1822"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10329","display_name":"Thyroid Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10329","display_name":"Thyroid Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9711999893188477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7300580143928528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7206188440322876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6817017197608948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-classification","display_name":"Binary classification","score":0.6626091003417969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thyroid-nodules","display_name":"Thyroid nodules","score":0.5950638055801392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5661914348602295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nodule","display_name":"Nodule (geology)","score":0.5111818909645081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5019702911376953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-entropy","display_name":"Cross entropy","score":0.45946431159973145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ultrasound","display_name":"Ultrasound","score":0.4550801217556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.42432206869125366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4222908020019531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4131515622138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thyroid","display_name":"Thyroid","score":0.3344610035419464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.262957364320755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.17240163683891296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.12429645657539368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.07395219802856445}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7300580143928528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7206188440322876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6817017197608948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66905080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17005494","display_name":"Binary classification","level":3,"score":0.6626091003417969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779022025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q53829","display_name":"Thyroid nodules","level":3,"score":0.5950638055801392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5661914348602295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776731575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2916245","display_name":"Nodule (geology)","level":2,"score":0.5111818909645081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5019702911376953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167981619","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1685498","display_name":"Cross entropy","level":3,"score":0.45946431159973145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143753070","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162564","display_name":"Ultrasound","level":2,"score":0.4550801217556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.42432206869125366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4222908020019531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4131515622138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526584372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16399","display_name":"Thyroid","level":2,"score":0.3344610035419464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.262957364320755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.17240163683891296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.12429645657539368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07395219802856445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003936","descriptor_name":"Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003936","descriptor_name":"Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003936","descriptor_name":"Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003936","descriptor_name":"Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013961","descriptor_name":"Thyroid Gland","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013961","descriptor_name":"Thyroid Gland","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013961","descriptor_name":"Thyroid Gland","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013961","descriptor_name":"Thyroid Gland","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013961","descriptor_name":"Thyroid Gland","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013961","descriptor_name":"Thyroid Gland","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013961","descriptor_name":"Thyroid Gland","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013961","descriptor_name":"Thyroid Gland","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013964","descriptor_name":"Thyroid Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013964","descriptor_name":"Thyroid Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013964","descriptor_name":"Thyroid Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013964","descriptor_name":"Thyroid Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013964","descriptor_name":"Thyroid Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013964","descriptor_name":"Thyroid Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013964","descriptor_name":"Thyroid Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013964","descriptor_name":"Thyroid Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013964","descriptor_name":"Thyroid Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013964","descriptor_name":"Thyroid Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013964","descriptor_name":"Thyroid Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013964","descriptor_name":"Thyroid Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014463","descriptor_name":"Ultrasonography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014463","descriptor_name":"Ultrasonography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014463","descriptor_name":"Ultrasonography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014463","descriptor_name":"Ultrasonography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016606","descriptor_name":"Thyroid Nodule","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016606","descriptor_name":"Thyroid Nodule","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016606","descriptor_name":"Thyroid Nodule","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016606","descriptor_name":"Thyroid Nodule","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016606","descriptor_name":"Thyroid Nodule","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016606","descriptor_name":"Thyroid Nodule","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016606","descriptor_name":"Thyroid Nodule","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016606","descriptor_name":"Thyroid Nodule","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016606","descriptor_name":"Thyroid Nodule","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016606","descriptor_name":"Thyroid Nodule","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016606","descriptor_name":"Thyroid Nodule","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016606","descriptor_name":"Thyroid Nodule","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D044963","descriptor_name":"Biopsy, Fine-Needle","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D044963","descriptor_name":"Biopsy, Fine-Needle","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D044963","descriptor_name":"Biopsy, Fine-Needle","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D044963","descriptor_name":"Biopsy, Fine-Needle","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20071822","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20071822","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/7/1822/pdf?version=1585580794","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32218230","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32218230","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1be08de72e764556974b4d333931b604","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1be08de72e764556974b4d333931b604","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 20, Iss 7, p 1822 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/20/7/1822/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20071822","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7180806","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7180806","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20071822","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20071822","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/7/1822/pdf?version=1585580794","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1738276608","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2017R1C1B5074062","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3458716721","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2016M3A9E1915855","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3515857073","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2018R1D1A1B07041921","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6348547255","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2019R1F1A1041123","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6884349592","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2020R1A2C1006179","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G791961956","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2019R1A2C1083813","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8817349273","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016M3A9E1915855","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3013244916.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3013244916.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1170971296","https://openalex.org/W1884191083","https://openalex.org/W2019652504","https://openalex.org/W2027685755","https://openalex.org/W2031816038","https://openalex.org/W2051768144","https://openalex.org/W2062786885","https://openalex.org/W2082526668","https://openalex.org/W2085386892","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2133059825","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2239475530","https://openalex.org/W2292862470","https://openalex.org/W2301358467","https://openalex.org/W2326234734","https://openalex.org/W2412197858","https://openalex.org/W2435760661","https://openalex.org/W2518674481","https://openalex.org/W2561962159","https://openalex.org/W2562395590","https://openalex.org/W2586307770","https://openalex.org/W2601329199","https://openalex.org/W2603963723","https://openalex.org/W2711636288","https://openalex.org/W2735666957","https://openalex.org/W2743473392","https://openalex.org/W2757518998","https://openalex.org/W2759474193","https://openalex.org/W2794830684","https://openalex.org/W2803323893","https://openalex.org/W2809903694","https://openalex.org/W2883547127","https://openalex.org/W2884561390","https://openalex.org/W2885020520","https://openalex.org/W2898982749","https://openalex.org/W2903600980","https://openalex.org/W2908329206","https://openalex.org/W2910443141","https://openalex.org/W2910976212","https://openalex.org/W2911578273","https://openalex.org/W2917748145","https://openalex.org/W2923670132","https://openalex.org/W2927673573","https://openalex.org/W2963104294","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2963691377","https://openalex.org/W2983132969","https://openalex.org/W2984489845","https://openalex.org/W2989679113","https://openalex.org/W3019166713","https://openalex.org/W4205426786","https://openalex.org/W6674330103"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3029276719","https://openalex.org/W3125611560","https://openalex.org/W2498632914","https://openalex.org/W45411538","https://openalex.org/W59410728","https://openalex.org/W2525654528","https://openalex.org/W2899112730","https://openalex.org/W3031210199","https://openalex.org/W2092893319","https://openalex.org/W3031740696"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Computer-aided":[0],"diagnosis":[1,19,87],"systems":[2,35],"have":[3,50],"been":[4,51],"developed":[5],"to":[6,13,126,165],"assist":[7],"doctors":[8],"in":[9,40,101,138],"diagnosing":[10,46],"thyroid":[11,91,152],"nodules":[12],"reduce":[14,127],"errors":[15],"made":[16],"by":[17],"traditional":[18],"methods,":[20],"which":[21,59],"are":[22,60,75],"mainly":[23],"based":[24,61,97],"on":[25,62,98],"the":[26,31,42,52,68,71,89,99,110,119,128,135,139,151,159,166],"experiences":[27],"of":[28,33,44,70,88,112,121,130,134,161],"doctors.":[29],"Therefore,":[30],"performance":[32],"such":[34],"plays":[36],"an":[37,84],"important":[38],"role":[39],"enhancing":[41],"quality":[43],"a":[45,146],"task.":[47],"Although":[48],"there":[49],"state-of-the":[53],"art":[54],"studies":[55],"regarding":[56],"this":[57],"problem,":[58],"handcrafted":[63],"features,":[64,66],"deep":[65,122],"or":[67],"combination":[69],"two,":[72],"their":[73],"performances":[74],"still":[76],"limited.":[77],"To":[78],"overcome":[79],"these":[80],"problems,":[81],"we":[82,108,157],"propose":[83,109],"ultrasound":[85],"image-based":[86],"malignant":[90],"nodule":[92],"method":[93,163],"using":[94],"artificial":[95],"intelligence":[96],"analysis":[100],"both":[102],"spatial":[103],"and":[104],"frequency":[105],"domains.":[106],"Additionally,":[107],"use":[111],"weighted":[113],"binary":[114],"cross-entropy":[115],"loss":[116],"function":[117],"for":[118],"training":[120,132,140],"convolutional":[123],"neural":[124],"networks":[125],"effects":[129],"unbalanced":[131],"samples":[133],"target":[136],"classes":[137],"data.":[141],"Through":[142],"our":[143,162],"experiments":[144],"with":[145],"popular":[147],"open":[148],"dataset,":[149],"namely":[150],"digital":[153],"image":[154],"database":[155],"(TDID),":[156],"confirm":[158],"superiority":[160],"compared":[164],"state-of-the-art":[167],"methods.":[168]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}