{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3010812223","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20061753","title":"Deep Learning\u2013Based Methods for Automatic Diagnosis of Skin Lesions","display_name":"Deep Learning\u2013Based Methods for Automatic Diagnosis of Skin Lesions","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-03-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3010812223","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20061753","mag":"3010812223","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32245258"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20061753","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20061753","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/6/1753/pdf?version=1584881619","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/6/1753/pdf?version=1584881619","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023585928","display_name":"Hassan El-Khatib","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I61641377","display_name":"Universitatea Na\u021bional\u0103 de \u0218tiin\u021b\u0103 \u0219i Tehnologie Politehnica Bucure\u0219ti","ror":"https://ror.org/0558j5q12","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I61641377"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hassan El-Khatib","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Automatic Control and Computers, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Automatic Control and Computers, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61641377"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010108200","display_name":"Dan M. Popescu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6323-5347"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I61641377","display_name":"Universitatea Na\u021bional\u0103 de \u0218tiin\u021b\u0103 \u0219i Tehnologie Politehnica Bucure\u0219ti","ror":"https://ror.org/0558j5q12","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I61641377"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dan Popescu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Automatic Control and Computers, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Automatic Control and Computers, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61641377"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067604275","display_name":"Loretta Ichim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7465-3958"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I61641377","display_name":"Universitatea Na\u021bional\u0103 de \u0218tiin\u021b\u0103 \u0219i Tehnologie Politehnica Bucure\u0219ti","ror":"https://ror.org/0558j5q12","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I61641377"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Loretta Ichim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Automatic Control and Computers, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Automatic Control and Computers, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61641377"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5010108200"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61641377"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":7.4491,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":152,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98085889,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"6","first_page":"1753","last_page":"1753"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10392","display_name":"Cutaneous Melanoma Detection and Management","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10392","display_name":"Cutaneous Melanoma Detection and Management","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9623000025749207,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5641106963157654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5590434670448303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5397295951843262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.36861276626586914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.3266908526420593}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5641106963157654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5590434670448303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5397295951843262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.36861276626586914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3266908526420593}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012871","descriptor_name":"Skin Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012871","descriptor_name":"Skin Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012871","descriptor_name":"Skin Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012871","descriptor_name":"Skin Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20061753","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20061753","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/6/1753/pdf?version=1584881619","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32245258","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32245258","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7147720","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7147720","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:04f31195c64a412d9f9817ee3308374a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/04f31195c64a412d9f9817ee3308374a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 20, Iss 6, p 1753 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/20/6/1753/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20061753","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20061753","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20061753","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/6/1753/pdf?version=1584881619","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1757407923","https://openalex.org/W1991607872","https://openalex.org/W2002507614","https://openalex.org/W2061253660","https://openalex.org/W2157709266","https://openalex.org/W2180648740","https://openalex.org/W2426942631","https://openalex.org/W2475633103","https://openalex.org/W2567713898","https://openalex.org/W2581082771","https://openalex.org/W2592160412","https://openalex.org/W2609625738","https://openalex.org/W2756770081","https://openalex.org/W2765316676","https://openalex.org/W2794825826","https://openalex.org/W2884588972","https://openalex.org/W2901844372","https://openalex.org/W2903033372","https://openalex.org/W2911188335","https://openalex.org/W2960571991","https://openalex.org/W2963946669","https://openalex.org/W3102785203","https://openalex.org/W4239510810","https://openalex.org/W4399739169","https://openalex.org/W6683411478","https://openalex.org/W6756627973"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2731899572","https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W3215138031","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W4321369474","https://openalex.org/W3009238340","https://openalex.org/W4360585206","https://openalex.org/W4285208911"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,75,112,149,156,262],"main":[1],"purpose":[2],"of":[3,143,151,164,217,233,239],"the":[4,42,51,55,84,129,140,152,161,170,179,183,189,202,205,218,223,231,237,250,259,268,277],"study":[5],"was":[6,191],"to":[7,14,138,257],"develop":[8],"a":[9,24,46,58,64,195,243],"high":[10],"accuracy":[11,212,282],"system":[12,27,45,56,247,279],"able":[13],"diagnose":[15],"skin":[16,144],"lesions":[17,145],"using":[18,116,146,194],"deep":[19],"learning-based":[20],"methods.":[21,37],"We":[22],"propose":[23],"new":[25],"decision":[26,44,246],"based":[28,106],"on":[29,50,107,270],"multiple":[30],"classifiers":[31],"like":[32],"neural":[33,65,109],"networks":[34,110],"and":[35,95,119,124,211],"feature-based":[36],"Each":[38],"classifier":[39],"(method)":[40],"gives":[41],"final":[43],"certain":[47],"weight,":[48],"depending":[49],"calculated":[52],"accuracy,":[53,92],"helping":[54],"make":[57],"better":[59],"decision.":[60],"First,":[61],"we":[62,101],"created":[63],"network":[66],"(NN)":[67],"that":[68,248,276],"can":[69],"differentiate":[70],"melanoma":[71],"from":[72,178,221],"benign":[73],"nevus.":[74],"NN":[76],"architecture":[77],"is":[78,225,236],"analyzed":[79],"by":[80,182,193,253,265],"evaluating":[81],"it":[82],"during":[83],"training":[85],"process.":[86],"Some":[87],"biostatistic":[88],"parameters,":[89],"such":[90],"as":[91,200],"specificity,":[93,207],"sensitivity,":[94,206],"Dice":[96,208],"coefficient":[97,210],"are":[98,176,213],"calculated.":[99],"Then,":[100],"developed":[102],"three":[103],"other":[104],"methods":[105,224,241],"convolutional":[108],"(CNNs).":[111],"CNNs":[113],"were":[114,126,134,154],"pre-trained":[115],"large":[117],"ImageNet":[118],"Places365":[120],"databases.":[121],"GoogleNet,":[122],"ResNet-101,":[123],"NasNet-Large,":[125],"used":[127],"in":[128,136,172,201,242],"enumeration":[130],"order.":[131],"CNN":[132],"architectures":[133],"fine-tuned":[135],"order":[137],"distinguish":[139],"different":[141,272],"types":[142],"transfer":[147],"learning.":[148],"accuracies":[150],"classifications":[153],"determined.":[155,214],"last":[157],"proposed":[158,278],"method":[159,163,256],"uses":[160,249],"classical":[162],"image":[165],"object":[166],"detection,":[167],"more":[168],"precisely,":[169],"one":[171],"which":[173],"some":[174],"features":[175],"extracted":[177],"images,":[180],"followed":[181],"classification":[184,190],"step.":[185],"In":[186],"this":[187,234],"case,":[188],"done":[192],"support":[196],"vector":[197],"machine.":[198],"Just":[199],"first":[203],"method,":[204],"similarity":[209],"A":[215],"comparison":[216],"obtained":[219,252,264],"results":[220,251,263],"all":[222],"then":[226],"done.":[227],"As":[228],"mentioned":[229],"above,":[230],"novelty":[232],"paper":[235],"integration":[238],"these":[240],"global":[244],"fusion-based":[245],"each":[254],"individual":[255],"establish":[258],"fusion":[260],"weights.":[261],"carrying":[266],"out":[267],"experiments":[269],"two":[271],"free":[273],"databases":[274],"shows":[275],"offers":[280],"higher":[281],"results.":[283]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":46},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-08-12T21:12:35.861297","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
