{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3011410192","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20061700","title":"Large-Scale ALS Data Semantic Classification Integrating Location-Context-Semantics Cues by Higher-Order CRF","display_name":"Large-Scale ALS Data Semantic Classification Integrating Location-Context-Semantics Cues by Higher-Order CRF","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-03-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3011410192","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20061700","mag":"3011410192","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32197496"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20061700","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20061700","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/6/1700/pdf?version=1585229866","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/6/1700/pdf?version=1585229866","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100750908","display_name":"Wei Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3882-1616"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Information Engineering, No. 29 Yudao Road, Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, No. 29 Yudao Road, Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101647875","display_name":"Ruisheng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0745-5158"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruisheng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geomatics Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090823281","display_name":"Daqing Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1559-031X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Daqing Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Information Engineering, No. 29 Yudao Road, Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, No. 29 Yudao Road, Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100691548","display_name":"Cheng Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0472-2735"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Information Engineering, No. 29 Yudao Road, Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, No. 29 Yudao Road, Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090823281"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.2913,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.54066074,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"6","first_page":"1700","last_page":"1700"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7054349780082703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.7047399282455444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5461307168006897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5394796133041382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.4971309006214142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conditional-random-field","display_name":"Conditional random field","score":0.49689891934394836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pairwise-comparison","display_name":"Pairwise comparison","score":0.47788703441619873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4339165687561035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-contextual-awareness","display_name":"Spatial contextual awareness","score":0.4209215044975281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoothing","display_name":"Smoothing","score":0.4180130362510681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3728322982788086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.15145078301429749}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7054349780082703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.7047399282455444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5461307168006897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5394796133041382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.4971309006214142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152565575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1124538","display_name":"Conditional random field","level":2,"score":0.49689891934394836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184898388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1435712","display_name":"Pairwise comparison","level":2,"score":0.47788703441619873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4339165687561035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64754055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574053","display_name":"Spatial contextual awareness","level":2,"score":0.4209215044975281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3770464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775963","display_name":"Smoothing","level":2,"score":0.4180130362510681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3728322982788086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.15145078301429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20061700","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20061700","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/6/1700/pdf?version=1585229866","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32197496","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32197496","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6f0761f26fc64be8bb88fb1b05d0816d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6f0761f26fc64be8bb88fb1b05d0816d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 20, Iss 6, p 1700 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/20/6/1700/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20061700","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7146480","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7146480","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20061700","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20061700","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/6/1700/pdf?version=1585229866","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6399999856948853,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1121271761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1259254279","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"KYLX15_02","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335769","funder_display_name":"Graduate Research and Innovation Projects of Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1796779926","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018M632303","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2030376154","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2082826544","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Postdoctoral","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2376276132","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3085993365","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"(Grant No.","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3326442401","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61601222","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3634696547","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20160789","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3910829908","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4020255992","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Project","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5640861056","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"201607","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6912205451","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016078","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G770456615","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Funds","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7726157001","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant No.","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8038539196","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"KYLX_","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335769","funder_display_name":"Graduate Research and Innovation Projects of Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G844541902","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20160789","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8951484681","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321605","display_name":"Government of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/004svx814"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329591","display_name":"Lomonosov Moscow State University","ror":"https://ror.org/010pmpe69"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335769","display_name":"Graduate Research and Innovation Projects of Jiangsu Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337368","display_name":"Division of Graduate Education","ror":"https://ror.org/00whkrf32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3011410192.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3011410192.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W27675589","https://openalex.org/W137456267","https://openalex.org/W948736408","https://openalex.org/W1577931413","https://openalex.org/W1964803612","https://openalex.org/W1971606443","https://openalex.org/W1973644502","https://openalex.org/W1977133064","https://openalex.org/W1986473362","https://openalex.org/W1986522259","https://openalex.org/W1996777517","https://openalex.org/W2022686119","https://openalex.org/W2048192550","https://openalex.org/W2075833635","https://openalex.org/W2082394523","https://openalex.org/W2113255841","https://openalex.org/W2117645012","https://openalex.org/W2122816192","https://openalex.org/W2129725504","https://openalex.org/W2147880316","https://openalex.org/W2152654418","https://openalex.org/W2164500538","https://openalex.org/W2295511148","https://openalex.org/W2330711204","https://openalex.org/W2411643563","https://openalex.org/W2415334435","https://openalex.org/W2436494909","https://openalex.org/W2473418274","https://openalex.org/W2566671333","https://openalex.org/W2599022140","https://openalex.org/W2610213140","https://openalex.org/W2618534726","https://openalex.org/W2620775722","https://openalex.org/W2738539848","https://openalex.org/W2745042876","https://openalex.org/W2756381508","https://openalex.org/W2761129952","https://openalex.org/W2790308185","https://openalex.org/W2803937221","https://openalex.org/W2896259381","https://openalex.org/W2946865217","https://openalex.org/W2950642167","https://openalex.org/W2955873422","https://openalex.org/W2963517242","https://openalex.org/W2979750740","https://openalex.org/W2981192764","https://openalex.org/W2986129999","https://openalex.org/W2986401912","https://openalex.org/W6675120363","https://openalex.org/W6678401951","https://openalex.org/W6741587468","https://openalex.org/W6747904511"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2356597680","https://openalex.org/W2114846443","https://openalex.org/W2487162673","https://openalex.org/W3102147106","https://openalex.org/W2093471820","https://openalex.org/W2942366970","https://openalex.org/W2793211469","https://openalex.org/W2949152769","https://openalex.org/W2963336968","https://openalex.org/W2805329439"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"designed":[1],"a":[2,72],"location-context-semantics-based":[3],"conditional":[4],"random":[5],"field":[6],"(LCS-CRF)":[7],"framework":[8,75],"for":[9,51,93],"the":[10,45,58,78,86,95,102,108,124,132,142,151,178,188,202],"semantic":[11,59,147],"classification":[12,60,143,169,199],"of":[13,23,47,49,61,153,175,185],"airborne":[14],"laser":[15],"scanning":[16],"(ALS)":[17],"point":[18],"clouds.":[19],"For":[20],"ALS":[21,62],"datasets":[22,159],"high":[24],"spatial":[25,103,115],"resolution":[26],"but":[27],"with":[28,135,171,197],"severe":[29],"noise":[30],"pollutions,":[31],"more":[32],"contexture":[33],"and":[34,138,181,190],"semantics":[35,118],"cues,":[36,67],"besides":[37],"location":[38,82],"information,":[39],"can":[40,89],"be":[41],"exploited":[42],"to":[43,113],"surmount":[44],"decrease":[46],"discrimination":[48],"features":[50],"classification.":[52],"This":[53],"paper":[54],"mainly":[55],"focuses":[56],"on":[57,146,177,187],"data":[63],"using":[64],"mixed":[65],"location-context-semantics":[66],"which":[68],"are":[69,120],"integrated":[70],"into":[71],"higher-order":[73,125,128],"CRF":[74],"by":[76,85,106],"modeling":[77],"probabilistic":[79],"potentials.":[80,126],"The":[81,98,117,127],"cues":[83,119],"modeled":[84],"unary":[87],"potentials":[88,100],"provide":[90],"basic":[91],"information":[92,105],"discriminating":[94],"various":[96],"classes.":[97],"pairwise":[99],"consider":[101],"contextual":[104],"establishing":[107],"neighboring":[109],"interactions":[110],"between":[111],"points":[112],"favor":[114],"smoothing.":[116],"explicitly":[121],"encoded":[122],"in":[123,201],"potential":[129],"operates":[130],"at":[131],"clusters":[133],"level":[134],"similar":[136],"geometric":[137],"radiometric":[139],"properties,":[140],"guaranteeing":[141],"accuracy":[144,174,184],"based":[145],"rules.":[148],"To":[149],"demonstrate":[150],"performance":[152],"our":[154,165],"approach,":[155],"two":[156],"standard":[157],"benchmark":[158],"were":[160],"utilized.":[161],"Experiments":[162],"show":[163],"that":[164],"method":[166],"achieves":[167],"superior":[168],"results":[170],"an":[172,182],"overall":[173,183],"83.1%":[176],"Vaihingen":[179],"Dataset":[180,194],"94.3%":[186],"Graphics":[189],"Media":[191],"Lab":[192],"(GML)":[193],"A":[195],"compared":[196],"other":[198],"algorithms":[200],"literature.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}