{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3011809669","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20061652","title":"Three-Dimensional ResNeXt Network Using Feature Fusion and Label Smoothing for Hyperspectral Image Classification","display_name":"Three-Dimensional ResNeXt Network Using Feature Fusion and Label Smoothing for Hyperspectral Image Classification","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-03-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3011809669","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20061652","mag":"3011809669","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32188082"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20061652","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20061652","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/6/1652/pdf?version=1584362486","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/6/1652/pdf?version=1584362486","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007044596","display_name":"Peida Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6651-7921"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peida Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001939923","display_name":"Ziguan Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9699-3040"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ziguan Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103297474","display_name":"Zongliang Gan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zongliang Gan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100415324","display_name":"Feng Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1493-5352"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feng Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001939923"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":3.6321,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93835381,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"6","first_page":"1652","last_page":"1652"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9908999800682068,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":0.9753000140190125,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoothing","display_name":"Smoothing","score":0.7543004155158997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6962026357650757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6897449493408203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperspectral-imaging","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","score":0.6397358179092407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5637157559394836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperparameter","display_name":"Hyperparameter","score":0.5501320362091064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5109678506851196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.46549496054649353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimensionality-reduction","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","score":0.4378530979156494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3531503975391388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.10352364182472229}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3770464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775963","display_name":"Smoothing","level":2,"score":0.7543004155158997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6962026357650757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6897449493408203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159078339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959005","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","level":2,"score":0.6397358179092407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5637157559394836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8642999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4171168","display_name":"Hyperparameter","level":2,"score":0.5501320362091064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5109678506851196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.46549496054649353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70518039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16000077","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","level":2,"score":0.4378530979156494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3531503975391388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.10352364182472229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20061652","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20061652","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/6/1652/pdf?version=1584362486","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32188082","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32188082","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5b69fd538afa463185efda7fce54c947","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5b69fd538afa463185efda7fce54c947","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 20, Iss 6, p 1652 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/20/6/1652/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20061652","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7146509","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7146509","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20061652","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20061652","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/6/1652/pdf?version=1584362486","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.6399999856948853}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1121271761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2271025714","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"615012","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6752860811","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61501260","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7608752429","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Talent","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3011809669.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3011809669.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1491705651","https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W1966580635","https://openalex.org/W2001298023","https://openalex.org/W2029316659","https://openalex.org/W2043665634","https://openalex.org/W2087263574","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2106518202","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2314785379","https://openalex.org/W2500751094","https://openalex.org/W2547539089","https://openalex.org/W2548791488","https://openalex.org/W2549139847","https://openalex.org/W2572303978","https://openalex.org/W2611002168","https://openalex.org/W2611655888","https://openalex.org/W2614256707","https://openalex.org/W2745252301","https://openalex.org/W2759880437","https://openalex.org/W2764276316","https://openalex.org/W2765596918","https://openalex.org/W2766729074","https://openalex.org/W2767074788","https://openalex.org/W2789884944","https://openalex.org/W2792332881","https://openalex.org/W2800371750","https://openalex.org/W2801324747","https://openalex.org/W2898381489","https://openalex.org/W2909041182","https://openalex.org/W2915851545","https://openalex.org/W2939573284","https://openalex.org/W2942454403","https://openalex.org/W2944274185","https://openalex.org/W2953998486","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2963855133","https://openalex.org/W2970845903","https://openalex.org/W2979923697","https://openalex.org/W2981568174","https://openalex.org/W2985246997","https://openalex.org/W2991575127","https://openalex.org/W2992835844","https://openalex.org/W3100011500","https://openalex.org/W3103753223","https://openalex.org/W3106141888","https://openalex.org/W4320339642","https://openalex.org/W6674330103","https://openalex.org/W6750035952","https://openalex.org/W6769481713","https://openalex.org/W6770838682"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2072166414","https://openalex.org/W3209970181","https://openalex.org/W2070598848","https://openalex.org/W2140186469","https://openalex.org/W3034375524","https://openalex.org/W2060875994","https://openalex.org/W2027399350","https://openalex.org/W2044184146","https://openalex.org/W2292979300","https://openalex.org/W2120164251"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,52],"recent":[1],"years,":[2],"deep":[3],"learning":[4,188],"methods":[5,21,56],"have":[6,28],"been":[7],"widely":[8],"used":[9],"in":[10,43,47,81,85,99,165,231],"the":[11,24,35,48,54,68,75,95,118,121,129,134,141,146,158,162,169,181,184,208,221,232,236],"hyperspectral":[12],"image":[13],"(HSI)":[14],"classification":[15,83,159,170],"tasks.":[16],"Among":[17],"them,":[18],"spectral-spatial":[19,186],"combined":[20],"based":[22],"on":[23,215],"three-dimensional":[25,36],"(3-D)":[26],"convolution":[27],"shown":[29],"good":[30],"performance.":[31],"However,":[32],"because":[33],"of":[34,50,62,77,91,136,145,154,172,177,183,210,223,241],"convolution,":[37],"increasing":[38],"network":[39,107,147,189,226],"depth":[40,148],"will":[41],"result":[42,80],"a":[44,198],"dramatic":[45],"rise":[46],"number":[49,135],"parameters.":[51,137],"addition,":[53],"previous":[55],"do":[57],"not":[58],"make":[59],"full":[60],"use":[61,67,197],"spectral":[63,192],"information.":[64],"They":[65],"mostly":[66],"data":[69],"after":[70],"dimensionality":[71],"reduction":[72],"directly":[73],"as":[74],"input":[76,182],"networks,":[78],"which":[79,108],"poor":[82],"ability":[84],"some":[86],"categories":[87],"with":[88,174,238],"small":[89,175,239],"numbers":[90,176,240],"samples.":[92,243],"To":[93],"address":[94],"above":[96],"two":[97],"issues,":[98],"this":[100],"paper,":[101],"we":[102,179],"designed":[103],"an":[104,228],"end-to-end":[105],"3D-ResNeXt":[106,185],"adopts":[109],"feature":[110,187,193],"fusion":[111],"and":[112,124,132,156,195,227],"label":[113,203],"smoothing":[114,204],"strategy":[115,126,205],"further.":[116],"On":[117,161],"one":[119],"hand,":[120,164],"residual":[122],"connections":[123],"split-transform-merge":[125],"can":[127,139],"alleviate":[128],"declining-accuracy":[130],"phenomenon":[131],"decrease":[133],"We":[138],"adjust":[140],"hyperparameter":[142],"cardinality":[143],"instead":[144],"to":[149,167,206],"extract":[150],"more":[151],"discriminative":[152],"features":[153],"HSIs":[155],"improve":[157,168],"accuracy.":[160],"other":[163],"order":[166],"accuracies":[171,233],"classes":[173,237],"samples,":[178],"enrich":[180],"by":[190,202],"additional":[191],"learning,":[194],"finally":[196],"loss":[199],"function":[200],"modified":[201],"solve":[207],"imbalance":[209],"classes.":[211],"The":[212],"experimental":[213],"results":[214],"three":[216],"popular":[217],"HSI":[218],"datasets":[219],"demonstrate":[220],"superiority":[222],"our":[224],"proposed":[225],"effective":[229],"improvement":[230],"especially":[234],"for":[235],"training":[242]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-16T08:26:57.006410","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}