{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3010096246","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20051499","title":"Estimating and Analyzing Long-Term Multi-GNSS Inter-System Bias Based on Uncombined PPP","display_name":"Estimating and Analyzing Long-Term Multi-GNSS Inter-System Bias Based on Uncombined PPP","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-03-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3010096246","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20051499","mag":"3010096246","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32182881"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20051499","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20051499","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/5/1499/pdf?version=1583807872","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/5/1499/pdf?version=1583807872","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074715434","display_name":"Fan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6823-2700"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101627929","display_name":"Changjian Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3419-8129"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Changjian Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058205888","display_name":"Guorui Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1440-0446"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Guorui Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1440-0446","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100430813","display_name":"Xi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9369-0060"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103262658","display_name":"Xu Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8146-9868"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xu Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5058205888","https://openalex.org/A5074715434"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":8.1449,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97050739,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"5","first_page":"1499","last_page":"1499"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12004","display_name":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11405","display_name":"Geophysics and Gravity Measurements","score":0.9919999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.9079341888427734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/galileo","display_name":"Galileo (satellite navigation)","score":0.8326957821846008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glonass","display_name":"GLONASS","score":0.7384370565414429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precise-point-positioning","display_name":"Precise Point Positioning","score":0.7255212068557739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.6637793779373169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standard-deviation","display_name":"Standard deviation","score":0.6391512155532837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5632449388504028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/term","display_name":"Term (time)","score":0.5588417053222656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-system","display_name":"Satellite system","score":0.4649563729763031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.4163796901702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.406321257352829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.3460020422935486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.3264845013618469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.317454993724823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1829233169555664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.11429134011268616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.08642381429672241}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.9079341888427734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177219330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193902","display_name":"Galileo (satellite navigation)","level":2,"score":0.8326957821846008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102451475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486250","display_name":"GLONASS","level":4,"score":0.7384370565414429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202511199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239503","display_name":"Precise Point Positioning","level":4,"score":0.7255212068557739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.6637793779373169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22679943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159375","display_name":"Standard deviation","level":2,"score":0.6391512155532837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5632449388504028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.5588417053222656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778027091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25346003","display_name":"Satellite system","level":4,"score":0.4649563729763031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.4163796901702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.406321257352829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.3460020422935486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3264845013618469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.317454993724823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1829233169555664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11429134011268616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.08642381429672241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20051499","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20051499","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/5/1499/pdf?version=1583807872","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32182881","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32182881","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:205a78b1534f429483b36e73dce1d687","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/205a78b1534f429483b36e73dce1d687","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 20, Iss 5, p 1499 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/20/5/1499/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20051499","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7085695","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7085695","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20051499","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20051499","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/5/1499/pdf?version=1583807872","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2135348700","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41904039","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6193950098","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41374041","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3010096246.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3010096246.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1955475984","https://openalex.org/W2004869411","https://openalex.org/W2016659730","https://openalex.org/W2037879427","https://openalex.org/W2060822111","https://openalex.org/W2084389047","https://openalex.org/W2087559360","https://openalex.org/W2090526786","https://openalex.org/W2094280389","https://openalex.org/W2119397684","https://openalex.org/W2124256323","https://openalex.org/W2128307899","https://openalex.org/W2138442469","https://openalex.org/W2273862109","https://openalex.org/W2378081751","https://openalex.org/W2463081686","https://openalex.org/W2484941330","https://openalex.org/W2529543626","https://openalex.org/W2558014563","https://openalex.org/W2612881227","https://openalex.org/W2738088880","https://openalex.org/W2793945859","https://openalex.org/W2794375170","https://openalex.org/W2912295373","https://openalex.org/W2939481332","https://openalex.org/W2998065322","https://openalex.org/W7011442038"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4387803436","https://openalex.org/W2390164635","https://openalex.org/W2357931400","https://openalex.org/W2492464340","https://openalex.org/W1543145586","https://openalex.org/W2765841601","https://openalex.org/W2014739618","https://openalex.org/W2039477464","https://openalex.org/W4233201170","https://openalex.org/W2376741192"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,8,24,38,43,59,66,82,93,102,134,139,150,167,173,177,181,192,197,204,208,215,218,234,239,247,259,273],"development":[2],"of":[3,40,79,101,111,138,149,196,203,207,217,246,249,263],"precise":[4,44],"positioning":[5,46],"with":[6,48,156],"multi-GNSS,":[7],"inter-system":[9],"bias":[10,115],"(ISB)":[11],"has":[12],"become":[13],"an":[14],"issue":[15],"that":[16],"cannot":[17],"be":[18,189,221,256],"ignored.":[19],"ISB":[20,72,94,140,146,164,209,236,274],"is":[21,153,211,244,268],"introduced":[22],"from":[23,81],"differences":[25],"among":[26],"satellite":[27,260],"reference":[28,261],"clocks":[29],"and":[30,91,122,128,136,169,176,214,251,276],"different":[31,264],"receiver":[32,61,250,277],"hardware":[33],"delay":[34],"biases.":[35],"To":[36],"analyze":[37,92],"characteristics":[39],"multi-GNSS":[41,112],"ISB,":[42],"point":[45],"(PPP)":[47],"full-rank":[49],"uncombined":[50],"model":[51,75],"was":[52,63,76,87,180],"derived":[53],"for":[54,125,233],"GLONASS,":[55],"BDS,":[56],"GALILEO,":[57],"while":[58],"GPS":[60,170],"clock":[62,262],"selected":[64],"as":[65],"reference.":[67],"In":[68],"addition,":[69],"a":[70,98,230,269],"recommended":[71],"parameter":[73,141,210,237],"processing":[74],"adopted.":[77],"Data":[78],"28-days":[80],"Multi-GNSS":[83],"Experiment":[84],"(MGEX)":[85],"station":[86,228],"used":[88],"to":[89,191,223],"estimate":[90],"parameters.":[95],"Based":[96],"on":[97,238],"statistical":[99],"analysis":[100],"acquired":[103],"data,":[104],"results":[105],"demonstrate":[106],"that:":[107],"(a)":[108],"The":[109,144,163,201,242],"rms":[110],"PPP":[113],"positional":[114],"can":[116,220],"reach":[117],"4.6":[118],"mm,":[119],"3.4":[120],"mm":[121,124],"8.5":[123],"E,":[126],"N":[127],"U":[129],"directions,":[130],"respectively,":[131],"which":[132,187],"guarantees":[133],"reliability":[135],"accuracy":[137],"solution.":[142],"(b)":[143],"intra-day":[145],"time":[147],"series":[148],"three":[151],"groups":[152],"relatively":[154],"stable":[155,175,213],"standard":[157,178],"deviations":[158],"less":[159],"than":[160],"0.6":[161],"ns.":[162,225],"parameters":[165,275],"between":[166,272],"GALILEO":[168,198],"system":[171],"are":[172],"most":[174],"deviation":[179],"smallest,":[182],"at":[183],"about":[184],"0.37":[185],"ns,":[186],"may":[188,255],"related":[190],"good":[193],"signal":[194],"quality":[195],"system.":[199],"(c)":[200],"mean":[202],"single-day":[205],"solution":[206],"not":[212],"amplitude":[216],"jump":[219],"up":[222],"60":[224],"However,":[226],"each":[227],"shows":[229],"similar":[231],"variation":[232],"same":[235,240],"day.":[241],"situation":[243],"independent":[245],"type":[248],"antenna;":[252],"however,":[253],"it":[254],"affected":[257],"by":[258],"systems.":[265],"(d)":[266],"There":[267],"clear":[270],"relationship":[271],"types.":[278]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}