{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3006749999","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20041230","title":"Speed Calibration and Traceability for Train-Borne 24 GHz Continuous-Wave Doppler Radar Sensor","display_name":"Speed Calibration and Traceability for Train-Borne 24 GHz Continuous-Wave Doppler Radar Sensor","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-02-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3006749999","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20041230","mag":"3006749999","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32102356"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20041230","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20041230","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/4/1230/pdf?version=1582956128","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/4/1230/pdf?version=1582956128","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070839522","display_name":"Lei Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2560-5722"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162136","display_name":"National Institute of Metrology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dw0p167","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162136"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lei Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Mechanics and Acoustics, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2560-5722","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Mechanics and Acoustics, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162136"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102152508","display_name":"Qiao Sun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162136","display_name":"National Institute of Metrology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dw0p167","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162136"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiao Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Mechanics and Acoustics, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Mechanics and Acoustics, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162136"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101422218","display_name":"Jie Bai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4320-9082"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162136","display_name":"National Institute of Metrology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dw0p167","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162136"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Mechanics and Acoustics, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Mechanics and Acoustics, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162136"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100367707","display_name":"Xiaolei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9431-0058"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162136","display_name":"National Institute of Metrology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dw0p167","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162136"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaolei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Mechanics and Acoustics, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Mechanics and Acoustics, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162136"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107445469","display_name":"Tianqi Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0782-1870"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162136","display_name":"National Institute of Metrology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dw0p167","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162136"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianqi Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Mechanics and Acoustics, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Mechanics and Acoustics, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162136"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5070839522"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162136"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":1.2948,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76521796,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"4","first_page":"1230","last_page":"1230"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10534","display_name":"Structural Health Monitoring Techniques","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10534","display_name":"Structural Health Monitoring Techniques","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calibration","display_name":"Calibration","score":0.7481622695922852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/train","display_name":"Train","score":0.7305012941360474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.5701324343681335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.5521032214164734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.5359566807746887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.52846759557724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/doppler-effect","display_name":"Doppler effect","score":0.5063217878341675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.4895840585231781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traceability","display_name":"Traceability","score":0.4403992295265198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.38915178179740906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.37150686979293823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.3236128091812134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.29835379123687744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.20347881317138672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.09236901998519897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.0794714093208313}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.7481622695922852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190839683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2448197","display_name":"Train","level":2,"score":0.7305012941360474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5701324343681335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.5521032214164734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.5359566807746887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.52846759557724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142757262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76436","display_name":"Doppler effect","level":2,"score":0.5063217878341675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.4895840585231781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153876917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899704","display_name":"Traceability","level":2,"score":0.4403992295265198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.38915178179740906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.37150686979293823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.3236128091812134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.29835379123687744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.20347881317138672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09236901998519897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0794714093208313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20041230","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20041230","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/4/1230/pdf?version=1582956128","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32102356","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32102356","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:35d9dabf186c46b1b05ab3318fea17f1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/35d9dabf186c46b1b05ab3318fea17f1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 20, Iss 4, p 1230 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/20/4/1230/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20041230","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7070750","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7070750","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20041230","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20041230","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/4/1230/pdf?version=1582956128","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7200000286102295,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8526698962","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"22-AKYGH1801","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331086","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Metrology, China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331086","display_name":"National Institute of Metrology, China","ror":"https://ror.org/05dw0p167"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3006749999.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3006749999.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966447643","https://openalex.org/W1978319969","https://openalex.org/W2016505745","https://openalex.org/W2030008549","https://openalex.org/W2056454847","https://openalex.org/W2115415093","https://openalex.org/W2262291965","https://openalex.org/W2313514751","https://openalex.org/W2315214008","https://openalex.org/W2344447406","https://openalex.org/W2570233598","https://openalex.org/W2604214701","https://openalex.org/W2750627398","https://openalex.org/W2761626725","https://openalex.org/W2795783410","https://openalex.org/W2806585810","https://openalex.org/W2885499182","https://openalex.org/W2900918149","https://openalex.org/W2901658680","https://openalex.org/W2908936072","https://openalex.org/W2920214444","https://openalex.org/W2946637825","https://openalex.org/W6756134568"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2378709054","https://openalex.org/W4380301954","https://openalex.org/W2803090313","https://openalex.org/W1482465488","https://openalex.org/W2052375654","https://openalex.org/W2376767034","https://openalex.org/W2350918606","https://openalex.org/W2379549210","https://openalex.org/W4285661598","https://openalex.org/W1670618853"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,46,170],"24":[1,133],"GHz":[2,134],"continuous-wave":[3],"(CW)":[4],"Doppler":[5,115],"radar":[6,136],"sensor":[7],"(DRS)":[8],"is":[9,130],"widely":[10],"used":[11,30,60,74],"for":[12,61,75,101,140,154,235],"measuring":[13],"the":[14,93,114,125,149,175,184,191,198,204,211,225,230,243,249],"instantaneous":[15],"speed":[16,34,64,76,98,109,151,165,172,206,232],"of":[17,42,51,78,95,174,193,203,217,229],"moving":[18],"objects":[19],"by":[20,119],"using":[21],"a":[22,107,121,141,155,236],"non-contact":[23],"approach,":[24],"and":[25,48,71,80,106,158,160,197,213,227],"has":[26],"begun":[27],"to":[28,147,180],"be":[29],"in":[31,36,39,66,84,242,248],"train-borne":[32,52,102,142,156,220,237],"movable":[33],"measurements":[35,65,77],"recent":[37],"years":[38],"China":[40],"because":[41],"its":[43],"advanced":[44],"performance.":[45],"architecture":[47],"working":[49],"principle":[50],"DRSs":[53,59,73],"with":[54,239],"different":[55],"structures":[56],"including":[57],"single-channel":[58],"freight":[62,68],"train":[63],"railway":[67,85],"dedicated":[69,87],"lines":[70],"dual-channel":[72,221],"high-speed":[79],"urban":[81],"rail":[82],"trains":[83],"passenger":[86],"lines,":[88],"are":[89,104],"first":[90],"introduced.":[91],"Then,":[92],"disadvantages":[94],"two":[96,218],"traditional":[97],"calibration":[99,110,152,212,233],"methods":[100],"DRS":[103,143,222,238],"described,":[105],"new":[108],"method":[111,153],"based":[112],"on":[113,124,163],"shift":[116],"signal":[117,122,129],"simulation":[118,138,176],"imposing":[120],"modulation":[123],"incident":[126,186],"CW":[127,135],"microwave":[128],"proposed.":[131],"A":[132],"target":[137],"system":[139,177],"was":[144,178,189,207],"specifically":[145],"realized":[146],"verify":[148],"proposed":[150,231],"DRS,":[157],"traceability":[159],"performance":[161],"evaluation":[162,215],"simulated":[164,171,185,205],"were":[166],"taken":[167],"into":[168],"account.":[169],"range":[173,188,192,241],"up":[179],"(5~500)":[181],"km/h":[182],"when":[183],"angle":[187],"within":[190],"(45":[194],"\u00b1":[195],"8)\u00b0,":[196],"maximum":[199],"permissible":[200],"error":[201],"(MPE)":[202],"\u00b10.05":[208],"km/h.":[209],"Finally,":[210],"uncertainty":[214],"results":[216],"typical":[219],"samples":[223],"validated":[224],"effectiveness":[226],"feasibility":[228],"approach":[234],"full":[240],"laboratory":[244],"as":[245,247],"well":[246],"field.":[250]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
