{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3007187946","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20041211","title":"Indoor NLOS Positioning System Based on Enhanced CSI Feature with Intrusion Adaptability","display_name":"Indoor NLOS Positioning System Based on Enhanced CSI Feature with Intrusion Adaptability","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-02-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3007187946","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20041211","mag":"3007187946","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32098411"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20041211","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20041211","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/4/1211/pdf?version=1582523776","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/4/1211/pdf?version=1582523776","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075962650","display_name":"Ke Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7308-3244"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ke Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, No.10 XiTuCheng Road, Beijing 100876, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7308-3244","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, No.10 XiTuCheng Road, Beijing 100876, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027056509","display_name":"Lingjie Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6478-9299"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lingjie Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, No.10 XiTuCheng Road, Beijing 100876, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6478-9299","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, No.10 XiTuCheng Road, Beijing 100876, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102222671","display_name":"Zhongliang Deng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1984-8613"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhongliang Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, No.10 XiTuCheng Road, Beijing 100876, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, No.10 XiTuCheng Road, Beijing 100876, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016764397","display_name":"Xiao Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0221-0063"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiao Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, No.10 XiTuCheng Road, Beijing 100876, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0221-0063","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, No.10 XiTuCheng Road, Beijing 100876, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103096011","display_name":"Liu Yun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yun Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, No.10 XiTuCheng Road, Beijing 100876, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, No.10 XiTuCheng Road, Beijing 100876, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075962650"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":0.4881,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.59020222,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"4","first_page":"1211","last_page":"1211"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-line-of-sight-propagation","display_name":"Non-line-of-sight propagation","score":0.9488003253936768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7282841205596924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.5508010983467102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.5492831468582153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptability","display_name":"Adaptability","score":0.5101426243782043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.48038917779922485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4329751133918762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.42536839842796326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.32224559783935547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.20785731077194214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1272147297859192}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154910267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1740982","display_name":"Non-line-of-sight propagation","level":3,"score":0.9488003253936768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7282841205596924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.5508010983467102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.5492831468582153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177606310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5674297","display_name":"Adaptability","level":2,"score":0.5101426243782043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.48038917779922485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4329751133918762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.42536839842796326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.32224559783935547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.20785731077194214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1272147297859192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20041211","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20041211","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/4/1211/pdf?version=1582523776","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32098411","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32098411","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1b8a417455df4965ba81a51de56b4b3e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1b8a417455df4965ba81a51de56b4b3e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 20, Iss 4, p 1211 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/20/4/1211/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20041211","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7070768","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7070768","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20041211","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20041211","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/4/1211/pdf?version=1582523776","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.49000000953674316,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.4300000071525574,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3007187946.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3007187946.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2169610","https://openalex.org/W1659905512","https://openalex.org/W1894623711","https://openalex.org/W1927744280","https://openalex.org/W1983301216","https://openalex.org/W2005059864","https://openalex.org/W2089695767","https://openalex.org/W2111986491","https://openalex.org/W2122237830","https://openalex.org/W2151043249","https://openalex.org/W2153635508","https://openalex.org/W2165158100","https://openalex.org/W2278572312","https://openalex.org/W2344757691","https://openalex.org/W2345276999","https://openalex.org/W2591820339","https://openalex.org/W2607176470","https://openalex.org/W2723826663","https://openalex.org/W2743415265","https://openalex.org/W2762121670","https://openalex.org/W2762232490","https://openalex.org/W2763219399","https://openalex.org/W2766927308","https://openalex.org/W2768409039","https://openalex.org/W2774472083","https://openalex.org/W2783740565","https://openalex.org/W2786484969","https://openalex.org/W2787807764","https://openalex.org/W2792737318","https://openalex.org/W2804356137","https://openalex.org/W2807398657","https://openalex.org/W2902750893","https://openalex.org/W2909424699","https://openalex.org/W2913119698","https://openalex.org/W2921149917","https://openalex.org/W2937411608","https://openalex.org/W2971655350","https://openalex.org/W2979325071","https://openalex.org/W3120421331","https://openalex.org/W4241368925","https://openalex.org/W4250589301","https://openalex.org/W4253510307","https://openalex.org/W6600089577","https://openalex.org/W6632618402","https://openalex.org/W6661506865"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2172272784","https://openalex.org/W4307436769","https://openalex.org/W4323793210","https://openalex.org/W2366306259","https://openalex.org/W3101720559","https://openalex.org/W2143447014","https://openalex.org/W3172283447","https://openalex.org/W2110478555","https://openalex.org/W2489683173","https://openalex.org/W4243911842"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,8,29,43,100,117,123,127,169,176,185,192],"wide":[2],"deployment":[3],"of":[4,31,46,77,87,102],"commercial":[5],"WiFi":[6],"devices,":[7],"fine-grained":[9],"channel":[10],"state":[11],"information":[12],"(CSI)":[13],"has":[14],"received":[15],"widespread":[16],"attention":[17],"with":[18,66,126],"broad":[19],"application":[20],"domain":[21],"including":[22],"indoor":[23,63,161],"localization":[24],"and":[25,42,82,133,148,188],"intrusion":[26,34,80,146],"detection.":[27],"From":[28],"perspective":[30],"practicality,":[32],"dynamic":[33],"may":[35],"be":[36],"confused":[37],"under":[38,104],"non-line-of-sight":[39],"(NLOS)":[40],"conditions":[41],"continuous":[44],"operation":[45],"passive":[47],"positioning":[48,64,83,94],"system":[49,65,171],"will":[50],"bring":[51],"much":[52],"unnecessary":[53],"computation.":[54],"In":[55,96,130],"this":[56],"paper,":[57],"we":[58,107],"propose":[59,108],"an":[60],"enhanced":[61],"CSI-based":[62],"pre-intrusion":[67],"detection":[68,81,88,147],"suitable":[69],"for":[70,93,113],"NLOS":[71,105,145,173],"scenarios":[72],"(C-InP).":[73],"It":[74],"mainly":[75],"consists":[76],"two":[78],"modules:":[79],"estimation.":[84],"The":[85],"introduction":[86],"module":[89],"is":[90,156],"a":[91,109],"prerequisite":[92],"module.":[95],"order":[97],"to":[98,143],"improve":[99],"discrimination":[101],"features":[103],"conditions,":[106],"modified":[110],"calibration":[111],"method":[112],"phase":[114],"transformation":[115],"while":[116],"amplitude":[118],"outliers":[119],"are":[120,141],"filtered":[121],"by":[122],"variance":[124],"distribution":[125],"median":[128],"sequence.":[129],"addition,":[131],"binary":[132],"improved":[134],"multiple":[135],"support":[136],"vector":[137],"classification":[138],"(SVC)":[139],"models":[140],"established":[142],"realize":[144],"high-discrimination":[149],"fingerprint":[150],"localization,":[151],"respectively.":[152,195],"Comprehensive":[153],"experimental":[154],"verification":[155],"carried":[157],"out":[158],"in":[159,172,184,191],"typical":[160],"scenarios.":[162],"Experimental":[163],"results":[164],"show":[165],"that":[166],"C-InP":[167],"outperforms":[168],"existing":[170],"environments,":[174],"where":[175],"mean":[177],"distance":[178],"error":[179],"(MDE)":[180],"reached":[181],"0.49":[182],"m":[183,190],"integrated":[186],"room":[187],"0.81":[189],"complex":[193],"garage,":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
