{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3008424425","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20041177","title":"Acoustic Indoor Localization Augmentation by Self-Calibration and Machine Learning","display_name":"Acoustic Indoor Localization Augmentation by Self-Calibration and Machine Learning","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-02-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3008424425","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20041177","mag":"3008424425","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32093398"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20041177","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20041177","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/4/1177/pdf?version=1582268730","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/4/1177/pdf?version=1582268730","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048567417","display_name":"Joan Bordoy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3575-6513"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161046081","display_name":"University of Freiburg","ror":"https://ror.org/0245cg223","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161046081"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Joan Bordoy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science (IIF), University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3575-6513","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science (IIF), University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161046081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059055277","display_name":"Dominik Jan Schott","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0869-4604"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161046081","display_name":"University of Freiburg","ror":"https://ror.org/0245cg223","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161046081"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dominik Jan Schott","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0869-4604","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161046081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001650437","display_name":"Jizhou Xie","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161046081","display_name":"University of Freiburg","ror":"https://ror.org/0245cg223","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161046081"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jizhou Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science (IIF), University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science (IIF), University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161046081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049322583","display_name":"Amir Bannoura","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3969-7725"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158239267","display_name":"Bethlehem University","ror":"https://ror.org/047cjg072","country_code":"PS","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158239267"]}],"countries":["PS"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amir Bannoura","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software Engineering, Bethlehem University, P.O. Box 11407, Bethlehem, 92248 Jerusalem, Palestine"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3969-7725","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Engineering, Bethlehem University, P.O. Box 11407, Bethlehem, 92248 Jerusalem, Palestine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158239267"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035567880","display_name":"Philip N. Klein","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161046081","display_name":"University of Freiburg","ror":"https://ror.org/0245cg223","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161046081"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philip Klein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science (IIF), University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science (IIF), University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161046081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082710921","display_name":"Ludwig Striet","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0625-6384"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161046081","display_name":"University of Freiburg","ror":"https://ror.org/0245cg223","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161046081"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ludwig Striet","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science (IIF), University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science (IIF), University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161046081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109657790","display_name":"Fabian Hoeflinger","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801198184","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for High-Speed Dynamics, Ernst-Mach-Institut","ror":"https://ror.org/00csq2k70","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801198184","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabian Hoeflinger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Institute for Highspeed Dynamics, Ernst-Mach-Institute (EMI), 79104 Freiburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0609-172X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for Highspeed Dynamics, Ernst-Mach-Institute (EMI), 79104 Freiburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801198184"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112508954","display_name":"Ivo Haering","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801198184","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for High-Speed Dynamics, Ernst-Mach-Institut","ror":"https://ror.org/00csq2k70","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801198184","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ivo Haering","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Institute for Highspeed Dynamics, Ernst-Mach-Institute (EMI), 79104 Freiburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0318-6133","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for Highspeed Dynamics, Ernst-Mach-Institute (EMI), 79104 Freiburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801198184"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058819249","display_name":"Leonhard Reindl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5068-8929"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161046081","display_name":"University of Freiburg","ror":"https://ror.org/0245cg223","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161046081"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leonhard Reindl","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5068-8929","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161046081"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068757827","display_name":"Christian Schindelhauer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8320-8581"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161046081","display_name":"University of Freiburg","ror":"https://ror.org/0245cg223","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161046081"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Schindelhauer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science (IIF), University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8320-8581","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science (IIF), University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161046081"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048567417"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161046081"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.7283,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69760915,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"4","first_page":"1177","last_page":"1177"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.988099992275238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilateration","display_name":"Multilateration","score":0.8633365035057068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inertial-measurement-unit","display_name":"Inertial measurement unit","score":0.7903311252593994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.7677325010299683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7521833181381226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.5641941428184509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calibration","display_name":"Calibration","score":0.5598881840705872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maxima-and-minima","display_name":"Maxima and minima","score":0.5239422917366028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5015318393707275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/units-of-measurement","display_name":"Units of measurement","score":0.4678042232990265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.44252073764801025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.400961697101593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3750072717666626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1633046567440033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.12764868140220642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11559814214706421}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104037064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1640884","display_name":"Multilateration","level":3,"score":0.8633365035057068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79061980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q941680","display_name":"Inertial measurement unit","level":2,"score":0.7903311252593994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.7677325010299683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7521833181381226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.5641941428184509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.5598881840705872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186633575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845060","display_name":"Maxima and minima","level":2,"score":0.5239422917366028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5015318393707275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151233233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47574","display_name":"Units of measurement","level":2,"score":0.4678042232990265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.44252073764801025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.400961697101593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3750072717666626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1633046567440033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.12764868140220642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11559814214706421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":8,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20041177","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20041177","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/4/1177/pdf?version=1582268730","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32093398","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32093398","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:aab2a185ce1a46909c5b2d470b93c615","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/aab2a185ce1a46909c5b2d470b93c615","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 20, Iss 4, p 1177 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:fraunhofer.de:N-582380","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://publica.fraunhofer.de/documents/N-582380.html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400801","display_name":"Publikationsdatenbank der Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Fraunhofer EMI","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:freidok.uni-freiburg.de:155426","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://freidok.uni-freiburg.de/data/155426","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401057","display_name":"FreiDok plus (Universit\u00e4tsbibliothek Freiburg)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I161046081","host_organization_name":"University of Freiburg","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161046081"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors. - 20, 4 (2020) , 1177, ISSN: 1424-8220","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/20/4/1177/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20041177","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publica.fraunhofer.de:publica/262132","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/262132","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400318","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"journal article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7070902","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7070902","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20041177","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20041177","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/4/1177/pdf?version=1582268730","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5600000023841858,"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5102770537","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"01IS18011C","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6609246338","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FKZ 01IS18011C","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/04pz7b180"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3008424425.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3008424425.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1922598555","https://openalex.org/W1967252236","https://openalex.org/W1969414067","https://openalex.org/W2023004272","https://openalex.org/W2034898736","https://openalex.org/W2057323529","https://openalex.org/W2075707868","https://openalex.org/W2100989187","https://openalex.org/W2105117887","https://openalex.org/W2132110947","https://openalex.org/W2148295582","https://openalex.org/W2151168534","https://openalex.org/W2156476853","https://openalex.org/W2157229366","https://openalex.org/W2161103423","https://openalex.org/W2170102584","https://openalex.org/W2464218466","https://openalex.org/W2603133612","https://openalex.org/W2787620113","https://openalex.org/W2794505475","https://openalex.org/W2901973837","https://openalex.org/W2920458626","https://openalex.org/W2942881575","https://openalex.org/W4399469378","https://openalex.org/W6669547143","https://openalex.org/W6674828938","https://openalex.org/W6684842208"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1967422967","https://openalex.org/W2029881158","https://openalex.org/W3196140453","https://openalex.org/W4244061106","https://openalex.org/W3044242125","https://openalex.org/W2978426962","https://openalex.org/W2768468910","https://openalex.org/W2037990170","https://openalex.org/W2999148748","https://openalex.org/W2092597637"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"An":[0],"acoustic":[1,88],"transmitter":[2],"can":[3,166],"be":[4,32,44,167],"located":[5,168],"by":[6],"having":[7],"multiple":[8],"static":[9],"microphones.":[10],"These":[11],"microphones":[12,28,173],"are":[13,29,110,174,180],"synchronized":[14],"and":[15,52,124,175,191],"measure":[16],"the":[17,24,27,72,87,92,95,107,119,133,151,158,164,172,177],"time":[18],"differences":[19],"of":[20,26,71,94,105,145,154,157],"arrival":[21],"(TDoA).":[22],"Usually,":[23],"positions":[25,93],"assumed":[30],"to":[31,43,55,86,90,113,149],"known":[33],"in":[34,37,84,141,181],"advance.":[35],"However,":[36],"practice,":[38],"this":[39,58,142,196],"means":[40],"they":[41],"have":[42,129],"manually":[45],"measured,":[46],"which":[47,65],"is":[48,53,122],"a":[49],"cumbersome":[50],"job":[51],"prone":[54],"errors.":[56],"In":[57],"paper,":[59],"we":[60,139],"present":[61,140],"two":[62],"novel":[63],"approaches":[64],"do":[66],"not":[67],"require":[68],"manual":[69],"measurement":[70,81],"receiver":[73],"positions.":[74],"The":[75,136],"first":[76],"method":[77,138],"uses":[78],"an":[79,99,102,187],"inertial":[80],"unit":[82],"(IMU),":[83],"addition":[85],"transmitter,":[89],"estimate":[91],"receivers.":[96],"By":[97,161],"using":[98,146],"IMU":[100],"as":[101],"additional":[103],"source":[104],"information,":[106],"non-convex":[108],"optimizers":[109],"less":[111,130],"likely":[112],"fall":[114],"into":[115],"local":[116],"minima.":[117],"Consequently,":[118],"success":[120],"rate":[121],"increased":[123],"measurements":[125],"with":[126],"large":[127],"errors":[128],"influence":[131],"on":[132],"final":[134],"estimation.":[135],"second":[137],"paper":[143],"consists":[144],"machine":[147],"learning":[148],"learn":[150],"TDoA":[152],"signatures":[153],"certain":[155],"regions":[156],"localization":[159],"area.":[160],"doing":[162],"this,":[163],"target":[165],"without":[169],"knowing":[170],"where":[171],"whether":[176],"received":[178],"signals":[179],"line-of-sight":[182],"or":[183],"not.":[184],"We":[185],"use":[186],"artificial":[188],"neural":[189],"network":[190],"random":[192],"forest":[193],"classification":[194],"for":[195],"purpose.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}