{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3007339103","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20041156","title":"Distance Error Correction in Time-of-Flight Cameras Using Asynchronous Integration Time","display_name":"Distance Error Correction in Time-of-Flight Cameras Using Asynchronous Integration Time","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-02-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3007339103","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20041156","mag":"3007339103","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32093157"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20041156","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20041156","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/4/1156/pdf?version=1582466423","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/4/1156/pdf?version=1582466423","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030512473","display_name":"Eu\u2010Tteum Baek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4865-5255"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111277659","display_name":"Chonnam National University","ror":"https://ror.org/05kzjxq56","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111277659"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eu-Tteum Baek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Gwangju 61186, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4865-5255","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Gwangju 61186, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111277659"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087619194","display_name":"Hyung-Jeong Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3024-5060"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111277659","display_name":"Chonnam National University","ror":"https://ror.org/05kzjxq56","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111277659"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hyung-Jeong Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Gwangju 61186, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3024-5060","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Gwangju 61186, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111277659"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100605822","display_name":"Soo-Hyung Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3575-5035"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111277659","display_name":"Chonnam National University","ror":"https://ror.org/05kzjxq56","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111277659"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Soo-Hyung Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Gwangju 61186, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Gwangju 61186, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111277659"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070936425","display_name":"Guee-Sang Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8756-1382"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111277659","display_name":"Chonnam National University","ror":"https://ror.org/05kzjxq56","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111277659"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gueesang Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Gwangju 61186, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Gwangju 61186, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111277659"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081468926","display_name":"Hieyong Jeong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8135-8252"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111277659","display_name":"Chonnam National University","ror":"https://ror.org/05kzjxq56","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111277659"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hieyong Jeong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Gwangju 61186, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8135-8252","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Gwangju 61186, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111277659"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087619194"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111277659"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":1.4678,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86910817,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"4","first_page":"1156","last_page":"1156"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10638","display_name":"Optical measurement and interference techniques","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-delay-and-integration","display_name":"Time delay and integration","score":0.6230676174163818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5955520272254944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asynchronous-communication","display_name":"Asynchronous communication","score":0.5733634829521179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-of-flight","display_name":"Time of flight","score":0.5069687366485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.49554741382598877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflection","display_name":"Reflection (computer programming)","score":0.48294657468795776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/depth-map","display_name":"Depth map","score":0.47537270188331604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4477170705795288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.44536322355270386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/filter","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","score":0.42498916387557983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ambiguity","display_name":"Ambiguity","score":0.4194600582122803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.41306114196777344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.19861340522766113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.10355719923973083}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96566525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7805282","display_name":"Time delay and integration","level":2,"score":0.6230676174163818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5955520272254944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151319957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752739","display_name":"Asynchronous communication","level":2,"score":0.5733634829521179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98960154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3983322","display_name":"Time of flight","level":2,"score":0.5069687366485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.49554741382598877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65682993","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1056451","display_name":"Reflection (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.48294657468795776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141268832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2940499","display_name":"Depth map","level":3,"score":0.47537270188331604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4477170705795288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.44536322355270386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.42498916387557983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780522230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140419","display_name":"Ambiguity","level":2,"score":0.4194600582122803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.41306114196777344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.19861340522766113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.10355719923973083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20041156","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20041156","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/4/1156/pdf?version=1582466423","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32093157","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32093157","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7070819","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7070819","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3fa1a35cfc93475281f4bcac7ba38737","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3fa1a35cfc93475281f4bcac7ba38737","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 20, Iss 4, p 1156 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/20/4/1156/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20041156","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20041156","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20041156","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/4/1156/pdf?version=1582466423","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2658208423","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2017R1A2B4011409","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8416873545","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2017R1A4A1015559","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322030","display_name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning","ror":"https://ror.org/032e49973"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3007339103.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3007339103.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1584643859","https://openalex.org/W1682800831","https://openalex.org/W1969332260","https://openalex.org/W1983193557","https://openalex.org/W2019904315","https://openalex.org/W2024170598","https://openalex.org/W2057304076","https://openalex.org/W2067681708","https://openalex.org/W2078718577","https://openalex.org/W2095569354","https://openalex.org/W2099244020","https://openalex.org/W2101248405","https://openalex.org/W2104600947","https://openalex.org/W2104974755","https://openalex.org/W2106403211","https://openalex.org/W2111125934","https://openalex.org/W2116073066","https://openalex.org/W2124319230","https://openalex.org/W2130268625","https://openalex.org/W2167667767","https://openalex.org/W2416193463","https://openalex.org/W2782605648","https://openalex.org/W2913338262","https://openalex.org/W4205104450","https://openalex.org/W4245705733","https://openalex.org/W4247811648","https://openalex.org/W6675077989","https://openalex.org/W6675123766","https://openalex.org/W6676228586"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2353179089","https://openalex.org/W2923538289","https://openalex.org/W2353125546","https://openalex.org/W2470643824","https://openalex.org/W4400595174","https://openalex.org/W2349635380","https://openalex.org/W4353089801","https://openalex.org/W2353819554","https://openalex.org/W2359488321","https://openalex.org/W2389866386"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"distance":[1,66,77,112,192],"map":[2],"captured":[3],"using":[4,67,81],"a":[5,53,76,158],"time-of-flight":[6],"(ToF)":[7],"depth":[8,16,29,95,101,143,148,170],"sensor":[9],"has":[10,51],"fundamental":[11],"problems,":[12],"such":[13],"as":[14],"ambiguous":[15],"information":[17,144,171],"in":[18,32,94],"shiny":[19,33],"or":[20],"dark":[21,35],"surfaces,":[22],"optical":[23,160],"noise,":[24],"and":[25,34,41,122,189],"mismatched":[26],"boundaries.":[27],"Severe":[28],"errors":[30],"exist":[31],"surfaces":[36],"owing":[37],"to":[38,56,86,90,110],"excess":[39,42],"reflection":[40],"absorption":[43],"of":[44,61,70,131,168,186],"light,":[45,132],"respectively.":[46],"Dealing":[47],"with":[48],"this":[49],"problem":[50],"been":[52],"challenge":[54],"due":[55],"the":[57,65,68,92,98,119,129,133,141,146,166,169,180,184],"inherent":[58],"hardware":[59],"limitations":[60],"ToF,":[62],"which":[63],"measures":[64],"number":[69],"reflected":[71],"photons.":[72],"This":[73],"study":[74],"proposes":[75],"error":[78,123,135],"correction":[79],"method":[80,182],"three":[82,99],"ToF":[83,100,187],"sensors,":[84],"set":[85],"different":[87,107,115,152],"integration":[88,108,116,153],"times":[89,109],"address":[91],"ambiguity":[93],"information.":[96],"First,":[97],"sensors":[102,149],"are":[103,125,137],"installed":[104],"horizontally":[105],"at":[106,114],"capture":[111],"maps":[113,121],"times.":[117,154],"Given":[118],"amplitude":[120],"regions":[124,136],"estimated":[126,134],"based":[127],"on":[128],"amount":[130],"refined":[138],"by":[139],"exploiting":[140],"accurate":[142],"from":[145],"neighboring":[147],"that":[150,164,179],"use":[151],"Moreover,":[155],"we":[156],"propose":[157],"new":[159],"noise":[161],"reduction":[162],"filter":[163],"considers":[165],"distribution":[167],"biased":[172],"toward":[173],"one":[174],"side.":[175],"Experimental":[176],"results":[177],"verified":[178],"proposed":[181],"overcomes":[183],"drawbacks":[185],"cameras":[188],"provides":[190],"enhanced":[191],"maps.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-11T07:18:39.950985","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}