{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3004166900","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20030814","title":"Evaluating the Vulnerability of Several Geodetic GNSS Receivers under Chirp Signal L1/E1 Jamming","display_name":"Evaluating the Vulnerability of Several Geodetic GNSS Receivers under Chirp Signal L1/E1 Jamming","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-02-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3004166900","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20030814","mag":"3004166900","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32028693"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20030814","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20030814","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/3/814/pdf?version=1581486069","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/3/814/pdf?version=1581486069","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013400837","display_name":"Matej Ba\u017eec","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1235-8555"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153976015","display_name":"University of Ljubljana","ror":"https://ror.org/05njb9z20","country_code":"SI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matej Ba\u017eec","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Maritime studies and Transport, University of Ljubljana, Cesta pomor\u0161\u010dakov 4, 6320 Portoro\u017e, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Maritime studies and Transport, University of Ljubljana, Cesta pomor\u0161\u010dakov 4, 6320 Portoro\u017e, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072980736","display_name":"Franc Dimc","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2580-7786"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153976015","display_name":"University of Ljubljana","ror":"https://ror.org/05njb9z20","country_code":"SI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Franc Dimc","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Maritime studies and Transport, University of Ljubljana, Cesta pomor\u0161\u010dakov 4, 6320 Portoro\u017e, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2580-7786","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Maritime studies and Transport, University of Ljubljana, Cesta pomor\u0161\u010dakov 4, 6320 Portoro\u017e, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018970645","display_name":"Polona Pavlov\u010di\u010d\u2010Pre\u0161eren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0914-9595"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153976015","display_name":"University of Ljubljana","ror":"https://ror.org/05njb9z20","country_code":"SI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091918","display_name":"Geodetic Institute of Slovenia","ror":"https://ror.org/00fq5tf47","country_code":"SI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210091918"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Polona Pavlov\u010di\u010d-Pre\u0161eren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Jamova cesta 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0914-9595","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Jamova cesta 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153976015","https://openalex.org/I4210091918"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018970645"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153976015","https://openalex.org/I4210091918"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2112},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2112},"fwci":24.5287,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98874052,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"3","first_page":"814","last_page":"814"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12004","display_name":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.9843000173568726,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.9213847517967224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glonass","display_name":"GLONASS","score":0.6777908802032471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jamming","display_name":"Jamming","score":0.6065453290939331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodetic-datum","display_name":"Geodetic datum","score":0.5706468224525452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.556244432926178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.5215163826942444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/galileo","display_name":"Galileo (satellite navigation)","score":0.4756811857223511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chirp","display_name":"Chirp","score":0.44702816009521484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-system","display_name":"Satellite system","score":0.4450843334197998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.44400814175605774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.4160494804382324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.33368512988090515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.18778082728385925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.13764774799346924}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.9213847517967224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102451475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486250","display_name":"GLONASS","level":4,"score":0.6777908802032471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779079576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17092823","display_name":"Jamming","level":2,"score":0.6065453290939331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58754882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1502887","display_name":"Geodetic datum","level":2,"score":0.5706468224525452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.556244432926178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5215163826942444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177219330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193902","display_name":"Galileo (satellite navigation)","level":2,"score":0.4756811857223511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132794960","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27304","display_name":"Chirp","level":3,"score":0.44702816009521484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778027091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25346003","display_name":"Satellite system","level":4,"score":0.4450843334197998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.44400814175605774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.4160494804382324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.33368512988090515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.18778082728385925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.13764774799346924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20030814","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20030814","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/3/814/pdf?version=1581486069","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32028693","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32028693","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repozitorij.uni-lj.si:IzpisGradiva.php?id=128469","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/IzpisGradiva.php?id=128469","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196268","display_name":"Repository of the University of Ljubljana (University of Ljubljana)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I153976015","host_organization_name":"University of Ljubljana","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, vol. 20, no. 3, 814, 2020.","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7038714","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7038714","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:80208dfa1c274b7a853aec64bbd18f4e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/80208dfa1c274b7a853aec64bbd18f4e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 20, Iss 3, p 814 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20030814","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20030814","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/3/814/pdf?version=1581486069","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2555481706","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. P2-0227","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322554","funder_display_name":"Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5181473570","display_name":"Geoinformation infrastructure and sustainable spatial development of Slovenia","funder_award_id":"P2-0227","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322554","funder_display_name":"Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7708481466","display_name":"Modelling and simulations in traffic and maritime engineering","funder_award_id":"P2-0394","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322554","funder_display_name":"Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322554","display_name":"Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS","ror":"https://ror.org/059bp8k51"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3004166900.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3004166900.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W287319284","https://openalex.org/W341337768","https://openalex.org/W1588261502","https://openalex.org/W1980722651","https://openalex.org/W1987752514","https://openalex.org/W1990018155","https://openalex.org/W2034049758","https://openalex.org/W2060803307","https://openalex.org/W2063929648","https://openalex.org/W2068657587","https://openalex.org/W2112306707","https://openalex.org/W2133946518","https://openalex.org/W2147583020","https://openalex.org/W2169687862","https://openalex.org/W2214200376","https://openalex.org/W2243133549","https://openalex.org/W2296999219","https://openalex.org/W2346154054","https://openalex.org/W2473406926","https://openalex.org/W2507930944","https://openalex.org/W2556487696","https://openalex.org/W2598137163","https://openalex.org/W2602214959","https://openalex.org/W2610185011","https://openalex.org/W2757163858","https://openalex.org/W2774364937","https://openalex.org/W2775302099","https://openalex.org/W2784331113","https://openalex.org/W2801893511","https://openalex.org/W2890373218","https://openalex.org/W2890527311","https://openalex.org/W2891002890","https://openalex.org/W2907323796","https://openalex.org/W2942626258","https://openalex.org/W2956154845","https://openalex.org/W3004514021","https://openalex.org/W7045946453"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2765841601","https://openalex.org/W2967627568","https://openalex.org/W576373149","https://openalex.org/W2348985031","https://openalex.org/W2997741896","https://openalex.org/W2039477464","https://openalex.org/W1492514858","https://openalex.org/W4233201170","https://openalex.org/W2296074696","https://openalex.org/W27547484"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Understanding":[0],"the":[1,7,30,37,98,112,118,134,140,151,170,187,195,199],"factors":[2],"that":[3,75,96,110,192],"might":[4],"intentionally":[5],"influence":[6],"reception":[8,197],"of":[9,24,32,39,106,114,157,201,205],"global":[10],"navigation":[11],"satellite":[12],"system":[13],"(GNSS)":[14],"signals":[15,127],"can":[16],"be":[17,175],"a":[18,40,73,90,94,144,155,164,177,183,202],"challenging":[19],"topic":[20],"today.":[21],"The":[22,190],"focus":[23],"this":[25,63],"research":[26],"is":[27],"to":[28,133],"evaluate":[29],"vulnerability":[31],"geodetic":[33],"GNSS":[34],"receivers":[35,55],"under":[36,60],"use":[38,113],"low-cost":[41],"L1/E1":[42,116],"frequency":[43],"jammer.":[44],"A":[45,146],"suitable":[46],"area":[47,100],"for":[48,179],"testing":[49,99],"was":[50,76,198],"established":[51],"in":[52,62,93,139,169],"Slovenia.":[53],"Nine":[54],"from":[56,82,186],"different":[57,80,107],"manufacturers":[58],"were":[59,70,87,128],"consideration":[61],"study.":[64],"While":[65],"positioning,":[66],"intentional":[67],"3-minute":[68],"jammings":[69],"performed":[71,88],"by":[72,143,182],"jammer":[74,91,147],"located":[77],"statically":[78],"at":[79,101],"distances":[81],"receivers.":[83],"Furthermore,":[84],"kinematic":[85,209],"disturbances":[86],"using":[89],"placed":[92],"vehicle":[95],"passed":[97],"various":[102],"speeds.":[103],"An":[104],"analysis":[105],"scenarios":[108],"indicated":[109],"despite":[111],"an":[115],"jammer,":[117,203],"GLONASS":[119],"(Russian:":[120],"Globalnaya":[121],"Navigatsionnaya":[122],"Sputnikovaya":[123],"Sistema)":[124],"and":[125],"Galileo":[126],"also":[129],"affected,":[130],"either":[131,153],"due":[132],"increased":[135],"carrier-to-noise-ratio":[136],"(C/N0)":[137],"or,":[138],"worst":[141],"cases,":[142],"loss-of-signal.":[145],"could":[148],"substantially":[149],"affect":[150],"position,":[152],"with":[154,163],"lack":[156],"any":[158],"practical":[159],"solution":[160],"or":[161,208],"even":[162],"wrong":[165],"position.":[166],"Maximal":[167],"errors":[168],"carrier-phase":[171],"positions,":[172],"which":[173],"should":[174],"considered":[176],"concern":[178],"geodesy,":[180],"differed":[181],"few":[184],"metres":[185],"exact":[188],"solution.":[189],"factor":[191],"completely":[193],"disabled":[194],"signal":[196],"proximity":[200],"regardless":[204],"its":[206],"static":[207],"mode.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-28T12:50:07.497085","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}