{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2998806653","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20020481","title":"Void Fraction Measurement of Oil\u2013Gas\u2013Water Three-Phase Flow Using Mutually Perpendicular Ultrasonic Sensor","display_name":"Void Fraction Measurement of Oil\u2013Gas\u2013Water Three-Phase Flow Using Mutually Perpendicular Ultrasonic Sensor","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2998806653","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20020481","mag":"2998806653","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31952159"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20020481","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20020481","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/2/481/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/2/481/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004275192","display_name":"Weikai Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3734-9973"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weikai Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102004234","display_name":"An Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9211-2170"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"An Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058125661","display_name":"Ningde Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5445-5092"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ningde Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5445-5092","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5058125661"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":1.1685,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71425332,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"2","first_page":"481","last_page":"481"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12537","display_name":"Flow Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12537","display_name":"Flow Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12169","display_name":"Non-Destructive Testing Techniques","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10864","display_name":"Fluid Dynamics and Mixing","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/porosity","display_name":"Porosity","score":0.7188776135444641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/two-phase-flow","display_name":"Two-phase flow","score":0.7090128064155579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perpendicular","display_name":"Perpendicular","score":0.6796084642410278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/slug-flow","display_name":"Slug flow","score":0.6360965967178345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bubble","display_name":"Bubble","score":0.6216759085655212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ultrasonic-sensor","display_name":"Ultrasonic sensor","score":0.5885113477706909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flow-measurement","display_name":"Flow measurement","score":0.5858332514762878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanics","display_name":"Mechanics","score":0.5403442978858948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.5343455672264099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/void","display_name":"Void (composites)","score":0.5069225430488586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiphase-flow","display_name":"Multiphase flow","score":0.47342661023139954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ultrasonic-flow-meter","display_name":"Ultrasonic flow meter","score":0.46075257658958435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flow","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","score":0.4214160144329071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.3121095299720764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-material","display_name":"Composite material","score":0.2793459892272949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.17453444004058838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.11203506588935852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08393314480781555}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6648577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622669","display_name":"Porosity","level":2,"score":0.7188776135444641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144308804","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232997","display_name":"Two-phase flow","level":3,"score":0.7090128064155579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199631012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205034","display_name":"Perpendicular","level":2,"score":0.6796084642410278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139514615","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16935556","display_name":"Slug flow","level":4,"score":0.6360965967178345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157915830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2928001","display_name":"Bubble","level":2,"score":0.6216759085655212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81288441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20736125","display_name":"Ultrasonic sensor","level":2,"score":0.5885113477706909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16302685","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15091623","display_name":"Flow measurement","level":2,"score":0.5858332514762878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.5403442978858948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.5343455672264099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779772531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19689164","display_name":"Void (composites)","level":2,"score":0.5069225430488586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779379648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1559665","display_name":"Multiphase flow","level":2,"score":0.47342661023139954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63066824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165466","display_name":"Ultrasonic flow meter","level":3,"score":0.46075257658958435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38349280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434290","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4214160144329071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.3121095299720764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.2793459892272949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.17453444004058838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11203506588935852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08393314480781555}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20020481","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20020481","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/2/481/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:31952159","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31952159","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4d3c4469f65d45db9b1cacd784bbfc18","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4d3c4469f65d45db9b1cacd784bbfc18","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 20, Iss 2, p 481 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:6003361","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7013578","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/20/2/481/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20020481","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20020481","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20020481","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/2/481/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","score":0.7400000095367432,"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G561774304","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51527805","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2998806653.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2998806653.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1965397275","https://openalex.org/W1971747920","https://openalex.org/W1977430966","https://openalex.org/W1980240402","https://openalex.org/W1992417350","https://openalex.org/W1992665825","https://openalex.org/W2004631255","https://openalex.org/W2005198656","https://openalex.org/W2041757321","https://openalex.org/W2046419796","https://openalex.org/W2056522915","https://openalex.org/W2060716838","https://openalex.org/W2073542697","https://openalex.org/W2088017925","https://openalex.org/W2138718980","https://openalex.org/W2160640157","https://openalex.org/W2311931591","https://openalex.org/W2342266135","https://openalex.org/W2530983842","https://openalex.org/W2573199269","https://openalex.org/W2604548878","https://openalex.org/W2729394660","https://openalex.org/W2791941730"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2371824631","https://openalex.org/W4366315075","https://openalex.org/W4366320868","https://openalex.org/W4366320126","https://openalex.org/W2350425252","https://openalex.org/W2906209913","https://openalex.org/W2351040364","https://openalex.org/W2354654388","https://openalex.org/W2057718659","https://openalex.org/W1553052159"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"complex":[1],"flow":[2,10,31,85,115],"structure":[3],"and":[4,70,121],"interfacial":[5],"effect":[6],"in":[7,90],"oil-gas-water":[8,29,83,159],"three-phase":[9,30,84,160],"have":[11],"made":[12],"the":[13,24,47,53,57,60,67,82,103,108,128,155],"void":[14,25,54,109,138,156],"fraction":[15,26,110,139,157],"measurement":[16,27,140],"a":[17,33,91,96,134],"challenging":[18],"problem.":[19],"This":[20],"paper":[21],"reports":[22],"on":[23,46],"of":[28,41,59,73,98,105,158],"using":[32],"mutually":[34],"perpendicular":[35],"ultrasonic":[36,42],"sensor":[37],"(MPUS).":[38],"Two":[39],"pairs":[40],"probes":[43],"are":[44],"installed":[45],"same":[48],"pipe":[49,94],"section":[50],"to":[51,101,127],"measure":[52,154],"fraction.":[55],"With":[56],"aid":[58],"finite":[61],"element":[62],"method,":[63],"we":[64],"first":[65],"optimize":[66],"emission":[68],"frequency":[69],"geometry":[71],"parameters":[72],"MPUS":[74,132,151],"through":[75],"examining":[76],"its":[77],"sensitivity":[78],"field":[79],"distribution.":[80],"Afterward,":[81],"experiment":[86],"was":[87],"carried":[88],"out":[89],"vertical":[92],"upward":[93],"with":[95,114,141],"diameter":[97],"20":[99],"mm":[100],"investigate":[102],"responses":[104],"MPUS.":[106],"Then,":[107],"prediction":[111],"models":[112],"associated":[113],"patterns":[116],"(bubble":[117],"flow,":[118,120],"slug":[119],"churn":[122],"flow)":[123],"were":[124],"established.":[125],"Compared":[126],"quick":[129],"closing":[130],"valves,":[131],"obtained":[133],"favorable":[135],"accuracy":[136],"for":[137],"absolute":[142],"average":[143],"percentage":[144],"error":[145],"equaling":[146],"8.983%,":[147],"which":[148],"indicates":[149],"that":[150],"can":[152],"satisfactorily":[153],"flow.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
