{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2997692196","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20010275","title":"L*a*b*Fruits: A Rapid and Robust Outdoor Fruit Detection System Combining Bio-Inspired Features with One-Stage Deep Learning Networks","display_name":"L*a*b*Fruits: A Rapid and Robust Outdoor Fruit Detection System Combining Bio-Inspired Features with One-Stage Deep Learning Networks","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2997692196","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20010275","mag":"2997692196","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31947829"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20010275","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20010275","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/1/275/pdf?version=1578051619","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/1/275/pdf?version=1578051619","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085682132","display_name":"Raymond Kirk","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51532219","display_name":"University of Lincoln","ror":"https://ror.org/03yeq9x20","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51532219"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Raymond Kirk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lincoln Centre for Autonomous Systems, School of Computer Science, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5118-9358","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lincoln Centre for Autonomous Systems, School of Computer Science, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51532219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036667542","display_name":"Grzegorz Cielniak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6299-8465"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51532219","display_name":"University of Lincoln","ror":"https://ror.org/03yeq9x20","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51532219"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Grzegorz Cielniak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lincoln Centre for Autonomous Systems, School of Computer Science, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6299-8465","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lincoln Centre for Autonomous Systems, School of Computer Science, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51532219"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089159554","display_name":"Michael Mangan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0293-8874"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91136226","display_name":"University of Sheffield","ror":"https://ror.org/05krs5044","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Mangan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sheffield Robotics, School of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0293-8874","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sheffield Robotics, School of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5036667542","https://openalex.org/A5085682132"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51532219"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":13.4134,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":72,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98814371,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"1","first_page":"275","last_page":"275"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9728999733924866,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9592999815940857,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.7386317253112793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6628071069717407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rgb-color-model","display_name":"RGB color model","score":0.636680543422699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5864005088806152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.43775027990341187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.43539202213287354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precision-agriculture","display_name":"Precision agriculture","score":0.42720767855644226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4219837188720703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3403121829032898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.18301454186439514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agriculture","display_name":"Agriculture","score":0.16216105222702026}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.7386317253112793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6628071069717407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82990744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166194","display_name":"RGB color model","level":2,"score":0.636680543422699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5864005088806152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.43775027990341187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.43539202213287354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120217122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740083","display_name":"Precision agriculture","level":3,"score":0.42720767855644226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4219837188720703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3403121829032898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.18301454186439514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.16216105222702026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20010275","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20010275","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/1/275/pdf?version=1578051619","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:31947829","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31947829","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.lincoln.ac.uk:39423","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196275","display_name":"Lincoln Repository (University of Lincoln)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I51532219","host_organization_name":"University of Lincoln","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51532219"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:51312b4082364ed687cbf905c0e95fdf","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/51312b4082364ed687cbf905c0e95fdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 20, Iss 1, p 275 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/24381781","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/L_a_b_Fruits_A_Rapid_and_Robust_Outdoor_Fruit_Detection_System_Combining_Bio-Inspired_Features_with_One-Stage_Deep_Learning_Networks/24381781","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/20/1/275/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20010275","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6983004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6983004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20010275","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20010275","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/1/275/pdf?version=1578051619","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.75,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8356181873","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/S030964/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2997692196.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2997692196.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W1908755996","https://openalex.org/W1970487713","https://openalex.org/W2005107673","https://openalex.org/W2007877499","https://openalex.org/W2010181071","https://openalex.org/W2034794296","https://openalex.org/W2041221361","https://openalex.org/W2068815075","https://openalex.org/W2074661814","https://openalex.org/W2088049833","https://openalex.org/W2098976163","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2115125487","https://openalex.org/W2118246710","https://openalex.org/W2155524176","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2220378026","https://openalex.org/W2396098103","https://openalex.org/W2409375369","https://openalex.org/W2495597503","https://openalex.org/W2501369945","https://openalex.org/W2561024092","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2587113508","https://openalex.org/W2613718673","https://openalex.org/W2743473392","https://openalex.org/W2757153082","https://openalex.org/W2770993866","https://openalex.org/W2790979755","https://openalex.org/W2803430855","https://openalex.org/W2884561390","https://openalex.org/W2914020374","https://openalex.org/W2953151638","https://openalex.org/W2953473428","https://openalex.org/W2963144738","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2979404229","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W4229858876"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2381688409","https://openalex.org/W2770593030","https://openalex.org/W1895773911","https://openalex.org/W4281727072","https://openalex.org/W4312219546","https://openalex.org/W3154990682","https://openalex.org/W2171975302","https://openalex.org/W2022352247","https://openalex.org/W1589637664","https://openalex.org/W2560201613"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automation":[0],"of":[1,110,140,158,175,180,217],"agricultural":[2],"processes":[3],"requires":[4],"systems":[5,184],"that":[6,17,169],"can":[7],"accurately":[8],"detect":[9,59],"and":[10,57,68,112,136,154,185,196],"classify":[11],"produce":[12],"in":[13,20,44,49,64,84,130,145,190,202],"real":[14,65,96],"industrial":[15,66],"environments":[16],"include":[18],"variation":[19,139],"fruit":[21,182],"appearance":[22],"due":[23],"to":[24,54,114,138,188],"illumination,":[25],"occlusion,":[26],"seasons,":[27],"weather":[28],"conditions,":[29],"etc.":[30],"In":[31],"this":[32,204],"paper":[33],"we":[34],"combine":[35],"a":[36,95,156,208],"visual":[37],"processing":[38],"approach":[39],"inspired":[40],"by":[41],"colour-opponent":[42],"theory":[43],"humans":[45],"with":[46],"recent":[47],"advancements":[48],"one-stage":[50],"deep":[51],"learning":[52],"networks":[53],"accurately,":[55],"rapidly":[56],"robustly":[58],"ripe":[60],"soft":[61],"fruits":[62],"(strawberries)":[63],"settings":[67],"using":[69],"standard":[70],"(RGB)":[71],"camera":[72],"input.":[73],"The":[74],"resultant":[75],"system":[76,117,172],"was":[77],"tested":[78],"on":[79,94],"an":[80],"existent":[81],"data-set":[82,92,148],"captured":[83,93],"controlled":[85,131],"conditions":[86],"as":[87,193],"well":[88],"our":[89,116],"new":[90],"real-world":[91,147],"strawberry":[97],"farm":[98],"over":[99],"two":[100],"months.":[101],"We":[102,167],"utilise":[103],"F":[104,124,150],"1":[105,125,151],"score,":[106],"the":[107,119,146,159,170,176,199,218,224],"harmonic":[108],"mean":[109],"precision":[111],"recall,":[113],"show":[115],"matches":[118],"state-of-the-art":[120],"detection":[121,183],"accuracy":[122],"(":[123,149],":":[126,152],"0.793":[127],"vs.":[128],"0.799)":[129],"conditions;":[132],"has":[133],"greater":[134],"generalisation":[135],"robustness":[137],"spatial":[141],"parameters":[142],"(camera":[143],"viewpoint)":[144],"0.744);":[153],"at":[155,164,223],"fraction":[157],"computational":[160],"cost":[161],"allowing":[162],"classification":[163],"almost":[165],"30fps.":[166],"propose":[168],"L*a*b*Fruits":[171],"addresses":[173],"some":[174],"most":[177],"pressing":[178],"limitations":[179],"current":[181],"is":[186,213],"well-suited":[187],"application":[189,201],"areas":[191],"such":[192],"yield":[194],"forecasting":[195],"harvesting.":[197],"Beyond":[198],"target":[200],"agriculture":[203],"work":[205],"also":[206],"provides":[207],"proof-of-principle":[209],"whereby":[210],"increased":[211],"performance":[212],"achieved":[214],"through":[215],"analysis":[216],"domain":[219],"data,":[220],"capturing":[221],"features":[222],"input":[225],"level":[226],"rather":[227],"than":[228],"simply":[229],"increasing":[230],"model":[231],"complexity.":[232]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":13}],"updated_date":"2026-06-05T09:01:59.212387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}