{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2997078101","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20010189","title":"Low-Rate DoS Attacks Detection Based on MAF-ADM","display_name":"Low-Rate DoS Attacks Detection Based on MAF-ADM","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-12-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2997078101","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20010189","mag":"2997078101","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31905728"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20010189","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20010189","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/1/189/pdf?version=1577607458","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/1/189/pdf?version=1577607458","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056503042","display_name":"Sijia Zhan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0749-4336"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16609230","display_name":"Hunan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05htk5m33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sijia Zhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0749-4336","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100712290","display_name":"Dan Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0062-0213"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16609230","display_name":"Hunan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05htk5m33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dan Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030514608","display_name":"Jianping Man","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9675-906X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16609230","display_name":"Hunan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05htk5m33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianping Man","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051590067","display_name":"Rui Dai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3698-4086"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16609230","display_name":"Hunan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05htk5m33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Dai","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101866616","display_name":"Xiyin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0358-8578"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16609230","display_name":"Hunan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05htk5m33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiyin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100712290"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.6723,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86269193,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"1","first_page":"189","last_page":"189"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7226795554161072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.6668182611465454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/testbed","display_name":"Testbed","score":0.651329517364502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/denial-of-service-attack","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","score":0.5996596217155457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bottleneck","display_name":"Bottleneck","score":0.5584868788719177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.5177047252655029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5104116797447205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.49718955159187317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission-control-protocol","display_name":"Transmission Control Protocol","score":0.4380648136138916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.4275183379650116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.19317620992660522}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7226795554161072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.6668182611465454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31395832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318674","display_name":"Testbed","level":2,"score":0.651329517364502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38822068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","level":3,"score":0.5996596217155457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780513914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18210350","display_name":"Bottleneck","level":2,"score":0.5584868788719177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.5177047252655029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5104116797447205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.49718955159187317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33588617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8803","display_name":"Transmission Control Protocol","level":3,"score":0.4380648136138916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.4275183379650116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.19317620992660522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20010189","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20010189","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/1/189/pdf?version=1577607458","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:31905728","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31905728","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:45136925f1c8484ab7d747244586f241","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/45136925f1c8484ab7d747244586f241","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 20, Iss 1, p 189 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/20/1/189/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20010189","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6982801","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6982801","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20010189","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20010189","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/1/189/pdf?version=1577607458","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G28248484","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No.2019JJ40037","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3258635761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No.61772189,No.61702173","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1493110346","https://openalex.org/W1968029754","https://openalex.org/W1977508986","https://openalex.org/W1995443851","https://openalex.org/W2014145720","https://openalex.org/W2031394433","https://openalex.org/W2076297538","https://openalex.org/W2097715699","https://openalex.org/W2119227347","https://openalex.org/W2127784162","https://openalex.org/W2128435645","https://openalex.org/W2130583399","https://openalex.org/W2153486199","https://openalex.org/W2161420182","https://openalex.org/W2296719434","https://openalex.org/W2329063814","https://openalex.org/W2380720261","https://openalex.org/W2508641173","https://openalex.org/W2523426254","https://openalex.org/W2732451788","https://openalex.org/W2790808644","https://openalex.org/W2807469843","https://openalex.org/W2884204879","https://openalex.org/W2889138358","https://openalex.org/W2897305487","https://openalex.org/W2898472821","https://openalex.org/W2901555957","https://openalex.org/W2909630611","https://openalex.org/W2910074034","https://openalex.org/W2913774990","https://openalex.org/W2913976356","https://openalex.org/W2922447264","https://openalex.org/W2928077458","https://openalex.org/W2955681899","https://openalex.org/W2965148303","https://openalex.org/W2981887211","https://openalex.org/W2982083253","https://openalex.org/W6653904688","https://openalex.org/W6760641153"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2883256816","https://openalex.org/W2171408034","https://openalex.org/W3003320923","https://openalex.org/W2106140982","https://openalex.org/W2595172197","https://openalex.org/W2152313554","https://openalex.org/W2064303750","https://openalex.org/W4285042611","https://openalex.org/W1509300825","https://openalex.org/W3092582874"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Low-rate":[0],"denial":[1],"of":[2,9,52,71,88,120,156],"service":[3,11],"(LDoS)":[4],"attacks":[5,175],"reduce":[6],"the":[7,18,64,67,72,89,103,118,135,152],"quality":[8],"network":[10],"by":[12,26,116,140,149],"sending":[13],"periodical":[14],"packet":[15],"bursts":[16],"to":[17,24,30,95,125,128,145],"bottleneck":[19],"routers.":[20],"It":[21],"is":[22,61,138],"difficult":[23],"detect":[25,173],"counter-DoS":[27],"mechanisms":[28],"due":[29],"its":[31],"stealthy":[32],"and":[33,108,162,166],"low":[34],"average":[35,143],"attack":[36],"traffic":[37,78],"behavior.":[38],"In":[39],"this":[40,170],"paper,":[41],"we":[42,112],"propose":[43],"an":[44],"anomaly":[45,114,136],"detection":[46],"method":[47,171],"based":[48,62],"on":[49,63],"adaptive":[50],"fusion":[51],"multiple":[53],"features":[54],"(MAF-ADM)":[55],"for":[56],"LDoS":[57,83,132,174],"attacks.":[58,84,133],"This":[59],"study":[60],"fact":[65],"that":[66,169],"time-frequency":[68,90],"joint":[69,91],"distribution":[70,92],"legitimate":[73],"transmission":[74],"control":[75],"protocol":[76],"(TCP)":[77],"would":[79],"be":[80],"changed":[81],"under":[82],"Several":[85],"statistical":[86],"metrics":[87],"are":[93],"chosen":[94],"generate":[96],"isolation":[97,122],"trees,":[98],"which":[99],"can":[100],"simultaneously":[101],"reflect":[102],"anomalies":[104],"in":[105,151],"time":[106],"domain":[107],"frequency":[109],"domain.":[110],"Then":[111],"calculate":[113],"score":[115,137],"fusing":[117],"results":[119,155],"all":[121],"trees":[123],"according":[124],"their":[126],"ability":[127],"isolate":[129],"samples":[130],"containing":[131],"Finally,":[134],"smoothed":[139],"weighted":[141],"moving":[142],"algorithm":[144],"avoid":[146],"errors":[147],"caused":[148],"noise":[150],"network.":[153],"Experimental":[154],"Network":[157],"Simulator":[158],"2":[159],"(NS2),":[160],"testbed,":[161],"public":[163],"datasets":[164],"(WIDE2018":[165],"LBNL)":[167],"demonstrate":[168],"does":[172],"effectively":[176],"with":[177],"lower":[178],"false":[179],"negative":[180],"rate.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}