{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2998380712","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20010186","title":"Condition Classification of Water-Filled Underground Siphon Using Acoustic Sensors","display_name":"Condition Classification of Water-Filled Underground Siphon Using Acoustic Sensors","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-12-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2998380712","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20010186","mag":"2998380712","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31905711"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20010186","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20010186","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/1/186/pdf?version=1578477300","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/1/186/pdf?version=1578477300","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048014131","display_name":"Xuefeng Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1308-0834"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10660446","display_name":"Kunming University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xyeez13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10660446"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuefeng Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Engineering and Automation, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650000, China","Yunnan Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Engineering and Automation, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10660446"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yunnan Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10660446"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103148343","display_name":"Guoyong Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0037-2985"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10660446","display_name":"Kunming University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xyeez13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10660446"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Guoyong Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Engineering and Automation, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650000, China","Yunnan Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Engineering and Automation, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10660446"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yunnan Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10660446"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043867798","display_name":"Zao Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8968-5074"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10660446","display_name":"Kunming University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xyeez13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10660446"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zao Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Engineering and Automation, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650000, China","Yunnan Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Engineering and Automation, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10660446"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yunnan Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10660446"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103268881","display_name":"Jiande Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2780-4925"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10660446","display_name":"Kunming University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xyeez13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10660446"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiande Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Engineering and Automation, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650000, China","Yunnan Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Engineering and Automation, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10660446"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yunnan Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10660446"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103148343"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10660446"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":0.5288,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67065089,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"1","first_page":"186","last_page":"186"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10662","display_name":"Ultrasonics and Acoustic Wave Propagation","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11220","display_name":"Water Systems and Optimization","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/siphon","display_name":"Siphon (mollusc)","score":0.6450314521789551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.5516815185546875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.518886148929596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.48298919200897217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustic-emission","display_name":"Acoustic emission","score":0.4309570789337158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.4279709756374359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.32319149374961853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.15059944987297058}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163629137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1276903","display_name":"Siphon (mollusc)","level":2,"score":0.6450314521789551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.5516815185546875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.518886148929596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.48298919200897217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174598085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q746673","display_name":"Acoustic emission","level":2,"score":0.4309570789337158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4279709756374359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.32319149374961853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.15059944987297058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20010186","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20010186","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/1/186/pdf?version=1578477300","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:31905711","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31905711","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b89b13ee7af44ab9b532d2d08e0b34f7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b89b13ee7af44ab9b532d2d08e0b34f7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 20, Iss 1, p 186 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/20/1/186/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20010186","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6983000","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6983000","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s20010186","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20010186","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/1/186/pdf?version=1578477300","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8600000143051147,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","display_name":"Clean water and sanitation"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3098646031","display_name":"\u6d46\u4f53\u7ba1\u9053\u8f93\u9001\u9ad8\u538b\u9694\u819c\u6cf5\u5173\u952e\u90e8\u4ef6\u6545\u969c\u7279\u5f81\u63d0\u53d6\u53ca\u8bca\u65ad\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"51765022","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3631518263","display_name":"\u9ad8\u538b\u9694\u819c\u6cf5\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u5fae\u5f31\u6545\u969c\u7279\u5f81\u63d0\u53d6\u53ca\u8bca\u65ad\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61663017","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8369688127","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u58f0\u5b66\u7279\u5f81\u5206\u6790\u5730\u4e0b\u4f9b\u6c34/\u6392\u6c34\u7ba1\u9053\u5b89\u5168\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u8bc6\u522b\u7cfb\u7edf\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61563024","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2998380712.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2998380712.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W353562331","https://openalex.org/W1139123150","https://openalex.org/W2000982976","https://openalex.org/W2084250512","https://openalex.org/W2093462724","https://openalex.org/W2114446345","https://openalex.org/W2271579450","https://openalex.org/W2519682667","https://openalex.org/W2523675803","https://openalex.org/W2546862570","https://openalex.org/W2578499281","https://openalex.org/W2617261558","https://openalex.org/W2801247197","https://openalex.org/W2807545921","https://openalex.org/W2888519482","https://openalex.org/W2925810092","https://openalex.org/W2968372202"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2393097294","https://openalex.org/W4237957632","https://openalex.org/W2889442519","https://openalex.org/W3158004877","https://openalex.org/W2091753474","https://openalex.org/W2054591023","https://openalex.org/W3025920570","https://openalex.org/W2052913792","https://openalex.org/W1598846888","https://openalex.org/W2044411622"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Siphons":[0],"have":[1],"been":[2],"widely":[3],"used":[4,123],"in":[5,51,73],"water":[6],"supply":[7],"systems":[8],"and":[9,24,65,91,102,116,127,160,165],"sewage":[10],"networks.":[11],"However,":[12],"it":[13],"is":[14,39,173],"difficult":[15],"to":[16,21,138,142],"implement":[17],"non-destructive":[18],"testing":[19],"due":[20],"structural":[22],"complexity":[23],"limited":[25],"accessibility.":[26],"In":[27],"this":[28,178],"paper,":[29],"a":[30,85,92],"novel":[31],"condition":[32],"classification":[33],"method":[34,56,172],"for":[35,108,124,182],"water-filled":[36,86],"underground":[37,87],"siphons":[38,75],"proposed,":[40],"which":[41],"uses":[42],"the":[43,52,58,74,78,117,144,151,158,166,170],"acoustic":[44,48,70,105,118,131],"signals":[45,99],"received":[46],"from":[47],"sensors":[49],"installed":[50],"siphon.":[53],"The":[54,69,111,130,147],"proposed":[55,152,171],"has":[57,180],"advantages":[59],"of":[60,84,94,163,169],"simpler":[61],"operation,":[62],"lower":[63],"cost,":[64],"higher":[66,174],"detection":[67],"efficiency.":[68],"wave":[71],"forms":[72],"reflect":[76],"on":[77],"system":[79],"characteristics.":[80],"Seven":[81],"typical":[82],"conditions":[83,162],"siphon":[88,145],"were":[89,96,100,122,136],"investigated,":[90],"series":[93],"experiments":[95],"conducted.":[97],"Acoustic":[98],"recorded":[101],"transformed":[103],"into":[104],"pressure":[106],"responses":[107],"further":[109],"analysis.":[110],"variational":[112],"mode":[113],"decomposition":[114],"(VMD)":[115],"energy":[119,132],"flow":[120],"density":[121,134],"signal":[125],"processing":[126],"feature":[128],"extraction.":[129],"flux":[133],"eigenvectors":[135],"input":[137],"three":[139],"different":[140],"classifiers":[141],"classify":[143,157],"conditions.":[146],"results":[148],"demonstrate":[149],"that":[150],"acoustic-based":[153],"approach":[154],"can":[155],"effectively":[156],"blockage":[159],"damage":[161],"siphons,":[164],"recognition":[167],"accuracy":[168],"than":[175],"94.4%.":[176],"Therefore,":[177],"research":[179],"value":[181],"engineering":[183],"applications.":[184]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}