{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2995025488","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19245557","title":"An Efficient Routing Protocol Based on Stretched Holding Time Difference for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks","display_name":"An Efficient Routing Protocol Based on Stretched Holding Time Difference for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-12-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2995025488","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19245557","mag":"2995025488","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31888213"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19245557","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19245557","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/24/5557/pdf?version=1576499484","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/24/5557/pdf?version=1576499484","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003359351","display_name":"Zahid Wadud","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7118-6496"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610274","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar","ror":"https://ror.org/00p034093","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610274"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zahid Wadud","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Systems Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Systems Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610274"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017216191","display_name":"Khadem Ullah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4820-6054"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610274","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar","ror":"https://ror.org/00p034093","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610274"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khadem Ullah","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Center of Big Data and Cloud Computing (NCBC) UETP, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Center of Big Data and Cloud Computing (NCBC) UETP, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610274"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024138600","display_name":"Abdul Baseer Qazi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2903-1612"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59225215","display_name":"Bahria University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v8d7770","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59225215"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdul Baseer Qazi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software Engineering, Bahria University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Engineering, Bahria University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59225215"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014269950","display_name":"Sadeeq Jan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1139-8507"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610274","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar","ror":"https://ror.org/00p034093","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610274"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sadeeq Jan","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Center for Cyber Security-UETP, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Center for Cyber Security-UETP, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610274"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018881921","display_name":"Farrukh Aslam Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7023-7172"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Farrukh Aslam Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Excellence in Information Assurance, King Saud University, Riyadh 11653, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Excellence in Information Assurance, King Saud University, Riyadh 11653, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089263595","display_name":"Nasru Minallah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6616-9093"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610274","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar","ror":"https://ror.org/00p034093","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610274"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nasru Minallah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Systems Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Systems Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610274"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018881921"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.537,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82559796,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"24","first_page":"5557","last_page":"5557"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9886000156402588,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater","display_name":"Underwater","score":0.7094507813453674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.6340978145599365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.5842206478118896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zone-routing-protocol","display_name":"Zone Routing Protocol","score":0.5759252905845642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing-protocol","display_name":"Routing protocol","score":0.5717049241065979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.5459538698196411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-routing-protocol","display_name":"Wireless Routing Protocol","score":0.5366342663764954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5214295387268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-source-routing","display_name":"Dynamic Source Routing","score":0.4798535704612732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.4432188868522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.14444184303283691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.08942180871963501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oceanography","display_name":"Oceanography","score":0.05744263529777527}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98083399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246517","display_name":"Underwater","level":2,"score":0.7094507813453674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.6340978145599365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.5842206478118896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189884158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8073926","display_name":"Zone Routing Protocol","level":5,"score":0.5759252905845642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104954878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648707","display_name":"Routing protocol","level":3,"score":0.5717049241065979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.5459538698196411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47318570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8026863","display_name":"Wireless Routing Protocol","level":4,"score":0.5366342663764954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5214295387268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9659607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1268903","display_name":"Dynamic Source Routing","level":4,"score":0.4798535704612732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.4432188868522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.14444184303283691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.08942180871963501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.05744263529777527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19245557","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19245557","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/24/5557/pdf?version=1576499484","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:31888213","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31888213","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:5924304","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6960558","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/19/24/5557/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19245557","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19245557","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19245557","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/24/5557/pdf?version=1576499484","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9200000166893005}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5556561541","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGP-214","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335726","funder_display_name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335726","display_name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2995025488.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2995025488.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W58949250","https://openalex.org/W110777398","https://openalex.org/W1554648094","https://openalex.org/W1968670922","https://openalex.org/W1984524820","https://openalex.org/W1985637631","https://openalex.org/W2001049771","https://openalex.org/W2004634259","https://openalex.org/W2032847145","https://openalex.org/W2068497429","https://openalex.org/W2079064954","https://openalex.org/W2093125009","https://openalex.org/W2095960740","https://openalex.org/W2108865370","https://openalex.org/W2122273579","https://openalex.org/W2137814624","https://openalex.org/W2139230010","https://openalex.org/W2144345075","https://openalex.org/W2149472588","https://openalex.org/W2155790548","https://openalex.org/W2156598119","https://openalex.org/W2160326135","https://openalex.org/W2161080764","https://openalex.org/W2161437547","https://openalex.org/W2170984917","https://openalex.org/W2172070704","https://openalex.org/W2308002575","https://openalex.org/W2336491352","https://openalex.org/W2543315543","https://openalex.org/W2580539026","https://openalex.org/W2759817332","https://openalex.org/W2801922980","https://openalex.org/W2905034477","https://openalex.org/W6602317764"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2087720402","https://openalex.org/W2386876404","https://openalex.org/W2377741144","https://openalex.org/W2126842185","https://openalex.org/W2136197256","https://openalex.org/W2122998529","https://openalex.org/W2489894102","https://openalex.org/W1526204052","https://openalex.org/W2113081707","https://openalex.org/W2153697673"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Underwater":[0],"Wireless":[1],"Sensors":[2],"Networks":[3],"(UWSNs)":[4],"use":[5],"acoustic":[6,24],"waves":[7,21],"as":[8,29],"a":[9,81,91,168,215,338],"communication":[10,79],"medium":[11],"because":[12],"of":[13,87,113,136,149,158,180,244],"the":[14,38,71,78,85,96,100,111,118,123,129,133,142,155,159,174,178,181,195,204,208,223,234,239,242,245,250,255,263,269,272,275,282,289,293],"high":[15,52],"attenuation":[16],"to":[17,31,69,122,154,199,213,249,271,285,320],"radio":[18,32],"and":[19,59,89,99,104,126,188,257,278,309,337],"optical":[20,34],"underwater.":[22],"However,":[23],"signals":[25],"lack":[26],"propagation":[27,124],"speed":[28],"compared":[30,319],"or":[33,170],"waves.":[35],"In":[36],"addition,":[37],"UWSNs":[39],"also":[40],"pose":[41],"various":[42],"intrinsic":[43],"challenges,":[44],"i.e.,":[45],"frequent":[46],"node":[47,98],"mobility":[48],"with":[49],"water":[50],"currents,":[51],"error":[53],"rate,":[54],"low":[55],"bandwidth,":[56],"long":[57],"delays,":[58],"energy":[60,130,135,171,253,304,335],"scarcity.":[61],"Various":[62],"UWSN":[63],"routing":[64,75],"protocols":[65,76],"have":[66],"been":[67],"proposed":[68,184,205,290,323],"overcome":[70],"above-mentioned":[72],"challenges.":[73],"Vector-based":[74],"confine":[77],"within":[80],"virtual":[82,264],"pipeline":[83,93],"for":[84],"sake":[86],"directionality":[88],"define":[90],"fixed":[92],"radius":[94],"between":[95],"source":[97,160,270],"centerline":[101],"station.":[102],"Energy-Scaled":[103,187],"Expanded":[105,189],"Vector-Based":[106,190],"Forwarding":[107,138,191],"(ESEVBF)":[108],"protocol":[109,163,206,291,324],"limits":[110],"number":[112],"duplicate":[114,201,219],"packets":[115,220],"by":[116,222],"expanding":[117],"holding":[119,146,196,228,294],"time":[120,147,197,229,295],"according":[121],"delay,":[125,308,330],"thus":[127],"reduces":[128],"consumption":[131],"via":[132],"remaining":[134],"Potential":[137],"Nodes":[139],"(PFNs)":[140],"at":[141,173,254,274],"first":[143],"hop.":[144],"The":[145,162,227,314],"mechanism":[148,198],"ESEVBF":[150],"is":[151,167,230],"restricted":[152],"only":[153],"first-hop":[156,283],"PFNs":[157],"node.":[161],"fails":[164],"when":[165],"there":[166],"void":[169],"hole":[172],"second":[175,276],"hop,":[176,259,277],"affecting":[177],"reliability":[179],"system.":[182],"Our":[183],"protocol,":[185],"Extended":[186],"Protocol":[192],"(EESEVBF),":[193],"exploits":[194],"suppress":[200],"packets.":[202,346],"Moreover,":[203],"tackles":[207],"hidden":[209],"terminal":[210],"problem":[211],"due":[212],"which":[214],"reasonable":[216],"reduction":[217,342],"in":[218,302,343],"initiated":[221],"reproducing":[224],"nodes":[225],"occurs.":[226],"calculated":[231],"based":[232,297],"on":[233,298],"following":[235],"four":[236],"parameters:":[237],"(i)":[238],"distance":[240,261,267,280],"from":[241,262,268,281],"boundary":[243],"transmission":[246],"area":[247],"relative":[248],"PFNs'":[251],"inverse":[252],"1st":[256],"2nd":[258],"(ii)":[260],"pipeline,":[265],"(iii)":[266],"PFN":[273,284],"(iv)":[279],"its":[286],"destination.":[287],"Therefore,":[288],"stretches":[292],"difference":[296],"two":[299],"hops,":[300],"resulting":[301],"lower":[303],"consumption,":[305],"decreased":[306],"end-to-end":[307],"increased":[310],"packet":[311],"delivery":[312],"ratio.":[313],"simulation":[315],"results":[316],"demonstrate":[317],"that":[318],"ESEVBF,":[321],"our":[322],"EESEVBF":[325],"experiences":[326],"20.2":[327],"%":[328,333,341],"lesser":[329],"approximately":[331],"6.66":[332],"more":[334],"efficiency,":[336],"further":[339],"11.26":[340],"generating":[344],"redundant":[345]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
