{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2994624817","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19245553","title":"A Convolutional Neural Network for Compound Micro-Expression Recognition","display_name":"A Convolutional Neural Network for Compound Micro-Expression Recognition","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-12-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2994624817","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19245553","mag":"2994624817","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31888182"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19245553","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19245553","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/24/5553/pdf?version=1576548792","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/24/5553/pdf?version=1576548792","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101801776","display_name":"Yue Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4388-9394"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yue Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710129, China","School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710129, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710129, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710129, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115636503","display_name":"Jiancheng Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9038-7258"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiancheng Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710129, China","School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710129, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710129, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710129, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101801776"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":3.6487,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":38,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93032729,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"24","first_page":"5553","last_page":"5553"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10812","display_name":"Human Pose and Action Recognition","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9901999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sadness","display_name":"Sadness","score":0.6819347143173218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.6153948903083801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.604775071144104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expression","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","score":0.5747957229614258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-flow","display_name":"Optical flow","score":0.5006780624389648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4932669997215271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.46870702505111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame","display_name":"Frame (networking)","score":0.42251837253570557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4207099974155426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.39357417821884155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.36004507541656494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.35396167635917664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anger","display_name":"Anger","score":0.25550854206085205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.17474931478500366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.1736510992050171}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779812673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169251","display_name":"Sadness","level":3,"score":0.6819347143173218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.6153948903083801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.604775071144104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90559484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778379","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5747957229614258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155542232","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736111","display_name":"Optical flow","level":3,"score":0.5006780624389648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4932669997215271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.46870702505111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.42251837253570557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4207099974155426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.39357417821884155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.36004507541656494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.35396167635917664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779302386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79871","display_name":"Anger","level":2,"score":0.25550854206085205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.17474931478500366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.1736510992050171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19245553","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19245553","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/24/5553/pdf?version=1576548792","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:31888182","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31888182","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:5924354","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6960609","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/19/24/5553/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19245553","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19245553","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19245553","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/24/5553/pdf?version=1576548792","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2994624817.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2994624817.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1480583224","https://openalex.org/W1578285471","https://openalex.org/W1578985305","https://openalex.org/W1588539311","https://openalex.org/W1974210421","https://openalex.org/W1980331490","https://openalex.org/W1983014650","https://openalex.org/W1990370049","https://openalex.org/W1998391547","https://openalex.org/W2003238582","https://openalex.org/W2006426145","https://openalex.org/W2009059481","https://openalex.org/W2044106642","https://openalex.org/W2096621047","https://openalex.org/W2102548748","https://openalex.org/W2105454289","https://openalex.org/W2113977317","https://openalex.org/W2139916508","https://openalex.org/W2156489769","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2237362194","https://openalex.org/W2263218431","https://openalex.org/W2294052718","https://openalex.org/W2399188776","https://openalex.org/W2411315559","https://openalex.org/W2426188534","https://openalex.org/W2478411578","https://openalex.org/W2502450975","https://openalex.org/W2526853616","https://openalex.org/W2594048267","https://openalex.org/W2606933083","https://openalex.org/W2608034484","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2769905613","https://openalex.org/W2786808285","https://openalex.org/W2787621021","https://openalex.org/W2891138649","https://openalex.org/W2911139005","https://openalex.org/W2911617386","https://openalex.org/W6652098924","https://openalex.org/W6675333070","https://openalex.org/W6684191040"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2519456985","https://openalex.org/W1761974557","https://openalex.org/W1991697485","https://openalex.org/W3198870284","https://openalex.org/W2002225084","https://openalex.org/W4321489666","https://openalex.org/W2119012436","https://openalex.org/W2093522521","https://openalex.org/W346645540","https://openalex.org/W2071993326"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Human":[0],"beings":[1],"are":[2,77,130],"particularly":[3],"inclined":[4],"to":[5,33,121,135,150,171,183,221,234,260],"express":[6],"real":[7],"emotions":[8],"through":[9],"micro-expressions":[10,76,83,157,253,288],"with":[11,176],"subtle":[12,114],"amplitude":[13],"and":[14,42,90,126,133,164,218,264,289],"short":[15],"duration.":[16],"Though":[17],"people":[18],"regularly":[19],"recognize":[20,282],"many":[21,131],"distinct":[22],"emotions,":[23],"for":[24,158],"the":[25,185,194,206,210,215,262,266,272,283],"most":[26,49],"part,":[27],"research":[28,51],"studies":[29],"have":[30,180],"been":[31,181],"limited":[32],"six":[34,58],"basic":[35,59,82,156,287],"categories:":[36],"happiness,":[37],"surprise,":[38],"sadness,":[39],"anger,":[40],"fear,":[41],"disgust.":[43],"Like":[44],"normal":[45],"expressions":[46],"(i.e.,":[47],"macro-expressions),":[48],"current":[50],"into":[52],"micro-expression":[53,111,117,138],"recognition":[54],"focuses":[55],"on":[56,108],"these":[57,239],"emotions.":[60,95],"This":[61],"paper":[62],"describes":[63],"an":[64,223],"important":[65],"group":[66],"of":[67,116,155,187,197,238,251,268,286],"micro-expressions,":[68],"which":[69],"we":[70,99,192,229,246],"call":[71],"compound":[72,137,160,189,290],"emotion":[73,178],"categories.":[74],"Compound":[75,103],"constructed":[78],"by":[79,199],"combining":[80],"two":[81],"but":[84],"reflect":[85],"more":[86,91],"complex":[87],"mental":[88],"states":[89],"abundant":[92],"human":[93],"facial":[94,152,166],"In":[96,243],"this":[97,244,278],"study,":[98,245],"firstly":[100,143],"synthesized":[101,247],"a":[102,231],"Micro-expression":[104],"Database":[105],"(CMED)":[106],"based":[107],"existing":[109,249],"spontaneous":[110,252],"datasets.":[112],"These":[113],"feature":[115,226],"makes":[118],"it":[119],"difficult":[120],"observe":[122],"its":[123],"motion":[124,153],"track":[125],"characteristics.":[127],"Consequently,":[128],"there":[129],"challenges":[132],"limitations":[134],"synthetic":[136],"images.":[139,161],"The":[140,162],"proposed":[141,207],"method":[142,149,208],"implemented":[144],"Eulerian":[145],"Video":[146],"Magnification":[147],"(EVM)":[148],"enhance":[151],"features":[154,237],"generating":[159,188],"consistent":[163],"differential":[165],"muscle":[167],"articulations":[168],"(typically":[169],"referred":[170],"as":[172],"action":[173],"units)":[174],"associated":[175],"each":[177],"category":[179],"labeled":[182],"become":[184],"foundation":[186],"micro-expression.":[190],"Secondly,":[191],"extracted":[193],"apex":[195,219],"frames":[196],"CMED":[198,263],"3D":[200],"Fast":[201],"Fourier":[202],"Transform":[203],"(3D-FFT).":[204],"Moreover,":[205],"calculated":[209],"optical":[211,224,240],"flow":[212,225,241],"information":[213,285],"between":[214],"onset":[216],"frame":[217,220],"produce":[222],"map.":[227],"Finally,":[228],"designed":[230,276],"shallow":[232],"network":[233,274],"extract":[235],"high-level":[236],"maps.":[242],"four":[248],"databases":[250],"(CASME":[254],"I,":[255],"CASME":[256],"II,":[257],"CAS(ME)2,":[258],"SAMM)":[259],"generate":[261],"test":[265],"validity":[267],"our":[269],"network.":[270],"Therefore,":[271],"deep":[273],"framework":[275],"in":[277],"study":[279],"can":[280],"well":[281],"emotional":[284],"micro-expressions.":[291]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-12T08:23:45.883708","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}