{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2996018588","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19245546","title":"Accurate Indoor-Positioning Model Based on People Effect and Ray-Tracing Propagation","display_name":"Accurate Indoor-Positioning Model Based on People Effect and Ray-Tracing Propagation","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-12-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2996018588","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19245546","mag":"2996018588","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31847488"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19245546","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19245546","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/24/5546/pdf?version=1576402079","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/24/5546/pdf?version=1576402079","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100359438","display_name":"Firdaus Firdaus","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4253-7415"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35427347","display_name":"Islamic University of Indonesia","ror":"https://ror.org/000pmrk50","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35427347"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4576418","display_name":"University of Technology Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}],"countries":["ID","MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Firdaus Firdaus","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta 55584, Indonesia","Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta 55584, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35427347"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088143315","display_name":"Noor Azurati Ahmad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7928-3474"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4576418","display_name":"University of Technology Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Noor Azurati Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7928-3474","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053297300","display_name":"Shamsul Sahibuddin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4576418","display_name":"University of Technology Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shamsul Sahibuddin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5088143315","https://openalex.org/A5100359438"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35427347","https://openalex.org/I4576418"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":1.0085,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75406954,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"24","first_page":"5546","last_page":"5546"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11980","display_name":"Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis","score":0.9825000166893005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13121","display_name":"Radio Wave Propagation Studies","score":0.9797000288963318,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ray-tracing","display_name":"Ray tracing (physics)","score":0.6405460238456726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.49468275904655457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracing","display_name":"Tracing","score":0.4389495849609375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.42897260189056396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.3299160599708557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.32526475191116333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.16848838329315186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.15474599599838257}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121483023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7298343","display_name":"Ray tracing (physics)","level":2,"score":0.6405460238456726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.49468275904655457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138673069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322229","display_name":"Tracing","level":2,"score":0.4389495849609375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.42897260189056396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3299160599708557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.32526475191116333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.16848838329315186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.15474599599838257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19245546","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19245546","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/24/5546/pdf?version=1576402079","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:31847488","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31847488","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6960901","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6960901","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/19/24/5546/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19245546","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19245546","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19245546","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/24/5546/pdf?version=1576402079","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6499999761581421,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3085144850","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UTM-TDR 9.2(T1)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323300","funder_display_name":"Universiti Teknologi Malaysia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7265275621","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UTM-TDR 9.2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323300","funder_display_name":"Universiti Teknologi Malaysia"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323300","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2996018588.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2996018588.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":74,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W76788353","https://openalex.org/W1155846567","https://openalex.org/W1481674015","https://openalex.org/W1490921409","https://openalex.org/W1517449954","https://openalex.org/W1773149500","https://openalex.org/W1893431417","https://openalex.org/W1947853012","https://openalex.org/W1954351671","https://openalex.org/W1963996689","https://openalex.org/W1972135323","https://openalex.org/W1973237536","https://openalex.org/W1988951879","https://openalex.org/W1993483144","https://openalex.org/W1997675818","https://openalex.org/W2011970787","https://openalex.org/W2014161185","https://openalex.org/W2017707762","https://openalex.org/W2018543755","https://openalex.org/W2022944058","https://openalex.org/W2028082528","https://openalex.org/W2058728358","https://openalex.org/W2072158021","https://openalex.org/W2100989187","https://openalex.org/W2108422006","https://openalex.org/W2111784981","https://openalex.org/W2127600800","https://openalex.org/W2142746476","https://openalex.org/W2155487478","https://openalex.org/W2166401481","https://openalex.org/W2170102584","https://openalex.org/W2180879196","https://openalex.org/W2182786360","https://openalex.org/W2278572312","https://openalex.org/W2344144174","https://openalex.org/W2364075748","https://openalex.org/W2395851066","https://openalex.org/W2419008539","https://openalex.org/W2508208469","https://openalex.org/W2542087346","https://openalex.org/W2549041922","https://openalex.org/W2550957847","https://openalex.org/W2566257712","https://openalex.org/W2595880099","https://openalex.org/W2599342840","https://openalex.org/W2603071509","https://openalex.org/W2743838228","https://openalex.org/W2769163648","https://openalex.org/W2770306289","https://openalex.org/W2789572951","https://openalex.org/W2792048930","https://openalex.org/W2800884799","https://openalex.org/W2886915282","https://openalex.org/W2896434271","https://openalex.org/W2897051410","https://openalex.org/W2897958596","https://openalex.org/W2900985694","https://openalex.org/W2901293913","https://openalex.org/W2901863010","https://openalex.org/W2906194850","https://openalex.org/W2908791724","https://openalex.org/W2914242428","https://openalex.org/W2914306386","https://openalex.org/W2914776833","https://openalex.org/W2937137827","https://openalex.org/W2941555964","https://openalex.org/W2944246329","https://openalex.org/W2945918851","https://openalex.org/W2962018862","https://openalex.org/W2964029185","https://openalex.org/W6603101531","https://openalex.org/W6641355117","https://openalex.org/W6643342499","https://openalex.org/W6735559067"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2054109135","https://openalex.org/W2888673113","https://openalex.org/W2012819262","https://openalex.org/W2056065966","https://openalex.org/W2120224698","https://openalex.org/W2352602608","https://openalex.org/W2062641654","https://openalex.org/W2212288070","https://openalex.org/W2043557177","https://openalex.org/W2349351862"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Wireless":[0],"local":[1],"area":[2],"networks":[3],"(WLAN)-fingerprinting":[4],"has":[5,64,83],"been":[6],"highlighted":[7],"as":[8,46,110],"the":[9,36,55,61,96,101,104,162],"preferred":[10],"technology":[11],"for":[12,161],"indoor":[13,118],"positioning":[14,19,79],"due":[15],"to":[16,76,87,145,193,206],"its":[17,25],"accurate":[18,78,125],"and":[20,48,103,132,155,177,212],"minimal":[21],"infrastructure":[22],"cost.":[23],"However,":[24],"accuracy":[26,199],"is":[27],"highly":[28],"influenced":[29],"by":[30,128],"obstacles":[31,44],"that":[32],"cause":[33],"fluctuation":[34],"in":[35],"signal":[37,69,99,119,164],"strength.":[38,70],"Many":[39],"researchers":[40],"have":[41,53,113],"modeled":[42,54],"static":[43],"such":[45,109],"walls":[47],"ceilings,":[49],"but":[50,91],"few":[51],"studies":[52,93],"people's":[56,130,159,210],"presence":[57,131,211],"effect":[58,160],"(PPE),":[59],"although":[60],"human":[62],"body":[63],"a":[65,85,114,156,195],"great":[66],"impact":[67],"on":[68,117],"Therefore,":[71],"PPE":[72],"must":[73],"be":[74],"addressed":[75],"obtain":[77],"results.":[80],"Previous":[81],"research":[82,122],"proposed":[84,142,170],"model":[86,127,171],"address":[88],"this":[89],"issue,":[90],"these":[92],"only":[94],"considered":[95],"direct":[97],"path":[98],"between":[100],"transmitter":[102],"receiver":[105],"whereas":[106],"multipath":[107,133,213],"effects":[108,214],"reflection":[111],"also":[112],"significant":[115],"influence":[116],"propagation.":[120],"This":[121,140],"proposes":[123],"an":[124,148],"indoor-positioning":[126],"considering":[129],"using":[134,152,174],"ray-tracing,":[135],"we":[136],"call":[137],"it":[138],"(AIRY).":[139],"study":[141],"two":[143],"solutions":[144],"construct":[146],"AIRY:":[147],"automatic":[149],"radio":[150],"map":[151],"ray":[153],"tracing":[154],"constant":[157],"of":[158],"received":[163],"strength":[165],"indicator":[166],"(RSSI)":[167],"adaptation.":[168],"The":[169,197],"was":[172,191,200],"simulated":[173],"MATLAB":[175],"software":[176],"tested":[178],"at":[179],"Level":[180],"3,":[181],"Menara":[182],"Razak,":[183],"Universiti":[184],"Teknologi":[185],"Malaysia.":[186],"A":[187],"K-nearest-neighbor":[188],"(KNN)":[189],"algorithm":[190],"used":[192],"define":[194],"position.":[196],"initial":[198],"2.04":[201],"m,":[202],"which":[203],"then":[204],"reduced":[205],"0.57":[207],"m":[208],"after":[209],"were":[215],"considered.":[216]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-11T07:18:39.950985","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}