{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2996735343","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19245438","title":"Environmental Cross-Validation of NLOS Machine Learning Classification/Mitigation with Low-Cost UWB Positioning Systems","display_name":"Environmental Cross-Validation of NLOS Machine Learning Classification/Mitigation with Low-Cost UWB Positioning Systems","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-12-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2996735343","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19245438","mag":"2996735343","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31835498"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19245438","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19245438","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/24/5438/pdf?version=1575970289","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/24/5438/pdf?version=1575970289","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110657697","display_name":"Valent\u00edn Barral","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11019714","display_name":"Universidade da Coru\u00f1a","ror":"https://ror.org/01qckj285","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11019714"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Valent\u00edn Barral","raw_affiliation_strings":["CITIC Research Center, Campus de Elvi\u00f1a, Universidade da Coru\u00f1a (University of A Coru\u00f1a), 15071 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8750-7960","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CITIC Research Center, Campus de Elvi\u00f1a, Universidade da Coru\u00f1a (University of A Coru\u00f1a), 15071 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11019714"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066568055","display_name":"Carlos J. Escudero","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3877-1332"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11019714","display_name":"Universidade da Coru\u00f1a","ror":"https://ror.org/01qckj285","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11019714"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carlos J. Escudero","raw_affiliation_strings":["CITIC Research Center, Campus de Elvi\u00f1a, Universidade da Coru\u00f1a (University of A Coru\u00f1a), 15071 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3877-1332","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CITIC Research Center, Campus de Elvi\u00f1a, Universidade da Coru\u00f1a (University of A Coru\u00f1a), 15071 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11019714"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076763016","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 A. Garc\u00eda\u2010Naya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1944-4678"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11019714","display_name":"Universidade da Coru\u00f1a","ror":"https://ror.org/01qckj285","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11019714"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jos\u00e9 A. Garc\u00eda-Naya","raw_affiliation_strings":["CITIC Research Center, Campus de Elvi\u00f1a, Universidade da Coru\u00f1a (University of A Coru\u00f1a), 15071 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1944-4678","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CITIC Research Center, Campus de Elvi\u00f1a, Universidade da Coru\u00f1a (University of A Coru\u00f1a), 15071 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11019714"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074913244","display_name":"Pedro Su\u00e1rez-Casal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6956-8428"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11019714","display_name":"Universidade da Coru\u00f1a","ror":"https://ror.org/01qckj285","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11019714"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pedro Su\u00e1rez-Casal","raw_affiliation_strings":["CITIC Research Center, Campus de Elvi\u00f1a, Universidade da Coru\u00f1a (University of A Coru\u00f1a), 15071 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6956-8428","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CITIC Research Center, Campus de Elvi\u00f1a, Universidade da Coru\u00f1a (University of A Coru\u00f1a), 15071 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11019714"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5110657697"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11019714"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.816,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86062434,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"24","first_page":"5438","last_page":"5438"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12879","display_name":"Distributed Sensor Networks and Detection Algorithms","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-line-of-sight-propagation","display_name":"Non-line-of-sight propagation","score":0.956392765045166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranging","display_name":"Ranging","score":0.9041826128959656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multipath-propagation","display_name":"Multipath propagation","score":0.7095103859901428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6235454082489014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ultra-wideband","display_name":"Ultra-wideband","score":0.5488966703414917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.47052088379859924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.44646716117858887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-propagation","display_name":"Radio propagation","score":0.44016820192337036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4179457426071167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.35960790514945984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.353410542011261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.236858069896698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1712988018989563}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154910267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1740982","display_name":"Non-line-of-sight propagation","level":3,"score":0.956392765045166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.9041826128959656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161218011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11827794","display_name":"Multipath propagation","level":3,"score":0.7095103859901428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6235454082489014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21916231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q851424","display_name":"Ultra-wideband","level":2,"score":0.5488966703414917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.47052088379859924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.44646716117858887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202311505","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1474701","display_name":"Radio propagation","level":2,"score":0.44016820192337036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4179457426071167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.35960790514945984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.353410542011261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.236858069896698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1712988018989563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19245438","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19245438","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/24/5438/pdf?version=1575970289","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:31835498","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31835498","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/19/24/5438/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19245438","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6960848","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6960848","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ruc.udc.es:2183/24632","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2183/24632","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402204","display_name":"RUC (Universidade Da Coru\u00f1a)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19245438","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19245438","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/24/5438/pdf?version=1575970289","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2996735343.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2996735343.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W304861154","https://openalex.org/W1502922572","https://openalex.org/W1550865358","https://openalex.org/W1554663460","https://openalex.org/W1556498037","https://openalex.org/W1965665622","https://openalex.org/W1966523582","https://openalex.org/W2020770507","https://openalex.org/W2060070111","https://openalex.org/W2087070363","https://openalex.org/W2122646546","https://openalex.org/W2126433025","https://openalex.org/W2128700974","https://openalex.org/W2129033354","https://openalex.org/W2131241448","https://openalex.org/W2162718622","https://openalex.org/W2780882979","https://openalex.org/W2950182411","https://openalex.org/W2966035132","https://openalex.org/W2979457449","https://openalex.org/W2985641149","https://openalex.org/W2996735343","https://openalex.org/W4248241954","https://openalex.org/W4388297464","https://openalex.org/W6747512288"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2904654071","https://openalex.org/W3004316703","https://openalex.org/W3149021053","https://openalex.org/W2124974059","https://openalex.org/W2258106632","https://openalex.org/W2900608567","https://openalex.org/W2786742173","https://openalex.org/W1977989201","https://openalex.org/W2770110807","https://openalex.org/W2954228414"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Indoor":[0],"positioning":[1,32],"systems":[2,14],"based":[3],"on":[4],"radio":[5],"frequency":[6],"inherently":[7],"present":[8],"multipath-related":[9],"phenomena.":[10],"This":[11,50],"causes":[12],"ranging":[13,35,124],"such":[15],"as":[16],"ultra-wideband":[17],"(UWB)":[18],"to":[19,69],"lose":[20],"accuracy":[21],"when":[22,60],"detecting":[23,121],"secondary":[24],"propagation":[25,77],"paths":[26],"between":[27],"two":[28],"devices.":[29],"If":[30],"a":[31,57,70,100],"algorithm":[33],"uses":[34],"measurements":[36],"without":[37],"considering":[38],"these":[39],"phenomena,":[40],"it":[41],"will":[42],"face":[43],"critical":[44],"errors":[45],"in":[46,56,126],"estimating":[47],"the":[48,53,76,87,96,107],"position.":[49],"work":[51],"analyzes":[52],"performance":[54],"obtained":[55],"localization":[58],"system":[59],"combining":[61],"location":[62],"algorithms":[63,97],"with":[64],"machine":[65,114],"learning":[66,115],"techniques":[67,117],"applied":[68],"previous":[71],"classification":[72],"and":[73],"mitigation":[74],"of":[75],"effects.":[78],"For":[79],"this":[80,127],"purpose,":[81],"real-world":[82],"cross-scenarios":[83],"are":[84,118],"considered,":[85],"where":[86],"data":[88],"extracted":[89],"from":[90,99,103],"low-cost":[91],"UWB":[92],"devices":[93],"for":[94,106,120],"training":[95],"come":[98],"scenario":[101],"different":[102],"that":[104,113],"considered":[105],"test.":[108],"The":[109],"experimental":[110],"results":[111],"reveal":[112],"(ML)":[116],"suitable":[119],"non-line-of-sight":[122],"(NLOS)":[123],"values":[125],"situation.":[128]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}