{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2991296987","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19235242","title":"Face Detection Ensemble with Methods Using Depth Information to Filter False Positives","display_name":"Face Detection Ensemble with Methods Using Depth Information to Filter False Positives","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-11-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2991296987","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19235242","mag":"2991296987"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19235242","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19235242","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/23/5242/pdf?version=1574954160","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/23/5242/pdf?version=1574954160","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007729428","display_name":"Loris Nanni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3502-7209"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138689650","display_name":"University of Padua","ror":"https://ror.org/00240q980","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Loris Nanni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Via Gradenigo, 6, 35131 Padova, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Via Gradenigo, 6, 35131 Padova, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062894420","display_name":"Sheryl Brahnam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7664-6930"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119942284","display_name":"Missouri State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01d2sez20","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119942284"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sheryl Brahnam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology and Cybersecurity, Missouri State University, 901 S. National Street, Springfield, MO 65804, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology and Cybersecurity, Missouri State University, 901 S. National Street, Springfield, MO 65804, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119942284"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062639338","display_name":"Alessandra Lumini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0290-7354"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alessandra Lumini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Informatica\u2014Scienza e Ingegneria, Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, Via Sacchi 3, 47521 Cesena, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Informatica\u2014Scienza e Ingegneria, Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, Via Sacchi 3, 47521 Cesena, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062894420"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119942284"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.613,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73400801,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"23","first_page":"5242","last_page":"5242"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-positive-paradox","display_name":"False positive paradox","score":0.9373146295547485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.673631489276886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6702561378479004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.66306072473526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.6428452730178833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/filter","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","score":0.6138292551040649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6038773059844971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/true-positive-rate","display_name":"True positive rate","score":0.5654503703117371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.4828565716743469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.46949437260627747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.46086132526397705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-detection","display_name":"Face detection","score":0.44773030281066895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-positive-rate","display_name":"False positive rate","score":0.41131892800331116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3756823241710663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.20049867033958435}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64869954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1859747","display_name":"False positive paradox","level":2,"score":0.9373146295547485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.673631489276886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6702561378479004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.66306072473526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.6428452730178833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.6138292551040649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6038773059844971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989486834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3808900","display_name":"True positive rate","level":2,"score":0.5654503703117371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4828565716743469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.46949437260627747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.46086132526397705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4641261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681085","display_name":"Face detection","level":4,"score":0.44773030281066895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95922358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5432725","display_name":"False positive rate","level":2,"score":0.41131892800331116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3756823241710663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.20049867033958435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19235242","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19235242","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/23/5242/pdf?version=1574954160","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:bearworks.missouristate.edu:articles-cob-1450","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://bearworks.missouristate.edu/articles-cob/451","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196450","display_name":"BearWorks (Missouri State University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I119942284","host_organization_name":"Missouri State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119942284"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"College of Business","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.unibo.it:11585/722430","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11585/722430","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402579","display_name":"Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210117483","host_organization_name":"Istituto di Ematologia di Bologna","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117483"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/19/23/5242/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19235242","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6929141","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6929141","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.research.unipd.it:11577/3329635","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3329635","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402547","display_name":"Padua Research Archive (University of Padova)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I138689650","host_organization_name":"University of Padua","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19235242","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19235242","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/23/5242/pdf?version=1574954160","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.46000000834465027}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2991296987.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2991296987.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":74,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W41435383","https://openalex.org/W136825317","https://openalex.org/W182571476","https://openalex.org/W345900524","https://openalex.org/W637757657","https://openalex.org/W1576096307","https://openalex.org/W1782590233","https://openalex.org/W1849007038","https://openalex.org/W1934410531","https://openalex.org/W1935685005","https://openalex.org/W1962010357","https://openalex.org/W1970456555","https://openalex.org/W1977425268","https://openalex.org/W1980257741","https://openalex.org/W1984525543","https://openalex.org/W1994215930","https://openalex.org/W1995884877","https://openalex.org/W2004239997","https://openalex.org/W2005089716","https://openalex.org/W2023494762","https://openalex.org/W2024046085","https://openalex.org/W2028292455","https://openalex.org/W2028592945","https://openalex.org/W2036196300","https://openalex.org/W2041497292","https://openalex.org/W2046399019","https://openalex.org/W2052852116","https://openalex.org/W2060280062","https://openalex.org/W2062755656","https://openalex.org/W2067191022","https://openalex.org/W2078970181","https://openalex.org/W2096733369","https://openalex.org/W2096883237","https://openalex.org/W2097458023","https://openalex.org/W2099179843","https://openalex.org/W2099355420","https://openalex.org/W2100807570","https://openalex.org/W2101866605","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2107634464","https://openalex.org/W2108891751","https://openalex.org/W2109741874","https://openalex.org/W2118373237","https://openalex.org/W2121601095","https://openalex.org/W2125277152","https://openalex.org/W2126860830","https://openalex.org/W2131734388","https://openalex.org/W2133327040","https://openalex.org/W2137504719","https://openalex.org/W2141265371","https://openalex.org/W2141660036","https://openalex.org/W2145287260","https://openalex.org/W2153461700","https://openalex.org/W2156503193","https://openalex.org/W2157285372","https://openalex.org/W2158995360","https://openalex.org/W2162813111","https://openalex.org/W2164598857","https://openalex.org/W2169696215","https://openalex.org/W2247274765","https://openalex.org/W2265959009","https://openalex.org/W2325939864","https://openalex.org/W2341528187","https://openalex.org/W2473206204","https://openalex.org/W2482957402","https://openalex.org/W2490205400","https://openalex.org/W2582187479","https://openalex.org/W2902127656","https://openalex.org/W2908260209","https://openalex.org/W2963307811","https://openalex.org/W3099206234","https://openalex.org/W3101998545","https://openalex.org/W6640974819","https://openalex.org/W6757972028"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W101962219","https://openalex.org/W3119537175","https://openalex.org/W2951146195","https://openalex.org/W4292605373","https://openalex.org/W2735767444","https://openalex.org/W3123215897","https://openalex.org/W2097358316","https://openalex.org/W2810356275","https://openalex.org/W2208028087","https://openalex.org/W2583484883"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0,74],"fundamental":[1],"problem":[2],"in":[3,100,139],"computer":[4],"vision":[5],"is":[6,24,86,117,156],"face":[7,22],"detection.":[8],"In":[9],"this":[10],"paper,":[11],"an":[12,172],"experimentally":[13],"derived":[14],"ensemble":[15,103,155],"made":[16],"by":[17,42],"a":[18,120,128,167],"set":[19],"of":[20,30,38,58,66,107,124,130,175],"six":[21],"detectors":[23],"presented":[25],"that":[26,70,94],"maximizes":[27],"the":[28,36,43,56,59,64,67,81,95,105,112,153,159],"number":[29,37,106,174],"true":[31],"positives":[32,40,46,109],"while":[33],"simultaneously":[34],"reducing":[35],"false":[39,108,176],"produced":[41],"ensemble.":[44],"False":[45],"are":[47],"removed":[48],"using":[49],"different":[50,84],"filtering":[51,76,97],"steps":[52,98],"based":[53,78],"primarily":[54],"on":[55,79,119,158],"characteristics":[57],"depth":[60,148],"map":[61],"related":[62],"to":[63],"subwindows":[65],"whole":[68],"image":[69,82],"contain":[71],"candidate":[72],"faces.":[73],"new":[75],"approach":[77],"processing":[80],"with":[83,171],"wavelets":[85],"also":[87],"proposed":[88,154],"here.":[89],"The":[90,142],"experimental":[91],"results":[92],"show":[93],"applied":[96],"used":[99],"our":[101],"best":[102],"reduce":[104],"without":[110],"decreasing":[111],"detection":[113,169],"rate.":[114],"This":[115],"finding":[116],"validated":[118],"combined":[121],"dataset":[122,143],"composed":[123],"four":[125],"others":[126],"for":[127],"total":[129],"549":[131],"images,":[132],"including":[133],"614":[134],"upright":[135],"frontal":[136],"faces":[137],"acquired":[138],"unconstrained":[140],"environments.":[141],"provides":[144],"both":[145],"2D":[146],"and":[147],"data.":[149],"For":[150],"further":[151],"validation,":[152],"tested":[157],"well-known":[160],"BioID":[161],"benchmark":[162],"dataset,":[163],"where":[164],"it":[165],"obtains":[166],"100%":[168],"rate":[170],"acceptable":[173],"positives.":[177]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
