{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2990940624","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19235151","title":"Incremental Learning to Personalize Human Activity Recognition Models: The Importance of Human AI Collaboration","display_name":"Incremental Learning to Personalize Human Activity Recognition Models: The Importance of Human AI Collaboration","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-11-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2990940624","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19235151","mag":"2990940624","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31775243"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19235151","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19235151","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/23/5151/pdf?version=1574663170","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/23/5151/pdf?version=1574663170","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069221764","display_name":"Pekka Siirtola","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5995-5421"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pekka Siirtola","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomimetics and Intelligent Systems Group, University of Oulu, P.O. BOX 4500, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5995-5421","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomimetics and Intelligent Systems Group, University of Oulu, P.O. BOX 4500, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070507098","display_name":"Juha R\u00f6ning","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9993-8602"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juha R\u00f6ning","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomimetics and Intelligent Systems Group, University of Oulu, P.O. BOX 4500, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9993-8602","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomimetics and Intelligent Systems Group, University of Oulu, P.O. BOX 4500, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5069221764"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":2.2738,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":39,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89408325,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"23","first_page":"5151","last_page":"5151"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9746999740600586,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11980","display_name":"Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis","score":0.9674000144004822,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7366454601287842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personalization","display_name":"Personalization","score":0.7239359617233276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7097241878509521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.7054900527000427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supervised-learning","display_name":"Supervised learning","score":0.6305722594261169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.6081570982933044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-discriminant-analysis","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","score":0.5402988195419312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semi-supervised-learning","display_name":"Semi-supervised learning","score":0.5131884217262268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminant","display_name":"Discriminant","score":0.4746739864349365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quadratic-classifier","display_name":"Quadratic classifier","score":0.4435192346572876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.344440221786499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.23544245958328247}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7366454601287842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183003079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1000371","display_name":"Personalization","level":2,"score":0.7239359617233276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7097241878509521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.7054900527000427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.6305722594261169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.6081570982933044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69738355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1228929","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","level":2,"score":0.5402988195419312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58973888","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1041418","display_name":"Semi-supervised learning","level":2,"score":0.5131884217262268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78397625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192487","display_name":"Discriminant","level":2,"score":0.4746739864349365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52620605","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268357","display_name":"Quadratic classifier","level":3,"score":0.4435192346572876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.344440221786499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.23544245958328247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069553","descriptor_name":"Supervised Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069553","descriptor_name":"Supervised Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069553","descriptor_name":"Supervised Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006802","descriptor_name":"Human Activities","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006802","descriptor_name":"Human Activities","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006802","descriptor_name":"Human Activities","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016002","descriptor_name":"Discriminant Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016002","descriptor_name":"Discriminant Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016002","descriptor_name":"Discriminant Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19235151","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19235151","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/23/5151/pdf?version=1574663170","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:31775243","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31775243","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:5881644","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6928956","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/19/23/5151/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19235151","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:oulu.fi:nbnfi-fe202001071208","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi-fe202001071208","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400284","display_name":"University of Oulu Repository (University of Oulu)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","host_organization_name":"University of Oulu","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19235151","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19235151","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/23/5151/pdf?version=1574663170","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6100000143051147,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328501","display_name":"Business Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/05bgf9v38"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336704","display_name":"Infotech Oulu","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2990940624.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2990940624.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W134960717","https://openalex.org/W416845230","https://openalex.org/W1543676750","https://openalex.org/W1739168844","https://openalex.org/W1969860714","https://openalex.org/W1975428667","https://openalex.org/W2023302299","https://openalex.org/W2058963220","https://openalex.org/W2103753221","https://openalex.org/W2119507074","https://openalex.org/W2129793335","https://openalex.org/W2140561855","https://openalex.org/W2154600790","https://openalex.org/W2212776954","https://openalex.org/W2342605466","https://openalex.org/W2566130292","https://openalex.org/W2570842558","https://openalex.org/W2588150943","https://openalex.org/W2589032543","https://openalex.org/W2603537372","https://openalex.org/W2606107235","https://openalex.org/W2607987008","https://openalex.org/W2609002182","https://openalex.org/W2890686146","https://openalex.org/W2898632806","https://openalex.org/W2902647671","https://openalex.org/W2947882452","https://openalex.org/W2951095886","https://openalex.org/W2973029833","https://openalex.org/W2981293741","https://openalex.org/W2983307807","https://openalex.org/W2990940624","https://openalex.org/W6642856532"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2951122819","https://openalex.org/W4288315282","https://openalex.org/W2600602178","https://openalex.org/W2146076056","https://openalex.org/W2159118812","https://openalex.org/W2025991752","https://openalex.org/W2102035376","https://openalex.org/W2137358782","https://openalex.org/W2167485767","https://openalex.org/W2990940624"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,242],"study":[1,161],"presents":[2],"incremental":[3,135],"learning":[4,88,136],"based":[5,137,296],"methods":[6],"to":[7,28,55,78,103,132,188,257],"personalize":[8],"human":[9,31,76,114,298],"activity":[10,32],"recognition":[11,21,33,215],"models.":[12,211],"Initially,":[13],"a":[14,24,90,156],"user-independent":[15,210,221],"model":[16],"is":[17,89,143,146,294],"used":[18,184],"in":[19,100,108,140,185,291],"the":[20,30,71,80,83,105,120,126,134,186,192,214,220,225,231,238,255,264,288],"process.":[22],"When":[23],"new":[25],"user":[26,256],"starts":[27],"use":[29,152],"application,":[34],"personal":[35],"streaming":[36,127],"data":[37,44,106,128],"can":[38,151,282],"be":[39,283],"gathered.":[40],"Of":[41],"course,":[42],"this":[43,57,141,160],"does":[45],"not":[46],"have":[47],"labels.":[48],"However,":[49],"there":[50],"are":[51,118,183,205],"three":[52,163,181],"different":[53,197],"ways":[54],"obtain":[56],"data:":[58],"non-supervised,":[59],"semi-supervised,":[60],"and":[61,82,129,159,174,176,235,253,273],"supervised.":[62],"The":[63,199],"non-supervised":[64,226],"approach":[65,73],"relies":[66,112],"purely":[67],"on":[68,113,196,247,297],"predicted":[69,248],"labels,":[70],"supervised":[72,239,289],"uses":[74,96],"only":[75,259],"intelligence":[77,98],"label":[79,104,258],"data,":[81],"proposed":[84],"method":[85,149,194],"for":[86],"semi-supervised":[87,232],"combination":[91],"of":[92,263],"these":[93,130],"two:":[94],"It":[95],"artificial":[97],"(AI)":[99],"most":[101],"cases":[102,110],"but":[107],"uncertain":[109,260],"it":[111],"intelligence.":[115,299],"After":[116],"labels":[117,131,249],"obtained,":[119],"personalization":[121,227,233,240],"process":[122],"continues":[123],"by":[124,245,286],"using":[125,219,224,230,237,267,271,275,287],"update":[133],"model,":[138,222],"which":[139,292],"case":[142],"Learn++.":[144],"Learn++":[145],"an":[147],"ensemble":[148],"that":[150,202,244],"any":[153],"classifier":[154],"as":[155,278,285],"base":[157,164],"classifier,":[158],"compares":[162],"classifiers:":[165],"linear":[166],"discriminant":[167,171],"analysis":[168,172],"(LDA),":[169],"quadratic":[170],"(QDA),":[173],"classification":[175],"regression":[177],"tree":[178],"(CART).":[179],"Moreover,":[180],"datasets":[182],"experiment":[187],"show":[189,201],"how":[190],"well":[191],"presented":[193],"generalizes":[195],"datasets.":[198],"results":[200],"personalized":[203],"models":[204],"much":[206],"more":[207],"accurate":[208],"than":[209],"On":[212],"average,":[213],"rates":[216,281],"are:":[217],"87.0%":[218],"89.1%":[223],"approach,":[228,234,290],"94.0%":[229],"96.5%":[236],"approach.":[241],"means":[243],"relying":[246],"with":[250],"high":[251],"confidence,":[252],"asking":[254],"observations":[261,265],"(6.6%":[262],"when":[266,270],"LDA,":[268],"7.7%":[269],"QDA,":[272],"18.3%":[274],"CART),":[276],"almost":[277],"low":[279],"error":[280],"achieved":[284],"labeling":[293],"fully":[295]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
