{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2990333138","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19235122","title":"A Malicious Behavior Awareness and Defense Countermeasure Based on LoRaWAN Protocol","display_name":"A Malicious Behavior Awareness and Defense Countermeasure Based on LoRaWAN Protocol","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-11-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2990333138","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19235122","mag":"2990333138","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31766778"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19235122","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19235122","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/23/5122/pdf?version=1574928184","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/23/5122/pdf?version=1574928184","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073979184","display_name":"Shu-Yang Gao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shu-Yang Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China","Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Networking, Tianjin 300350, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Networking, Tianjin 300350, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100451509","display_name":"Xiaohong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0752-6764"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiao-Hong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China","Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Networking, Tianjin 300350, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Networking, Tianjin 300350, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071592220","display_name":"Maode Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1438-7018"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mao-De Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100451509"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.7235,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72650535,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"23","first_page":"5122","last_page":"5122"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11932","display_name":"Wireless Body Area Networks","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12801","display_name":"Bluetooth and Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7732973098754883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.7187684774398804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.6341249942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/countermeasure","display_name":"Countermeasure","score":0.6281194090843201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/replay-attack","display_name":"Replay attack","score":0.6055077314376831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password","display_name":"Password","score":0.5483983755111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.535125732421875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.49816417694091797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/testbed","display_name":"Testbed","score":0.4892687499523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4556600749492645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09786951541900635}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7732973098754883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.7187684774398804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.6341249942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21593369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1032176","display_name":"Countermeasure","level":2,"score":0.6281194090843201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11560541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1756025","display_name":"Replay attack","level":3,"score":0.6055077314376831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.5483983755111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.535125732421875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.49816417694091797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31395832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318674","display_name":"Testbed","level":2,"score":0.4892687499523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4556600749492645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09786951541900635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19235122","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19235122","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/23/5122/pdf?version=1574928184","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:31766778","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31766778","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0df90dcd06a3436bab46cb51ebf24909","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0df90dcd06a3436bab46cb51ebf24909","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 19, Iss 23, p 5122 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dr.ntu.edu.sg:10356/142217","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10356/142217","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402609","display_name":"DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","host_organization_name":"Nanyang Technological University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:5881554","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6928866","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/19/23/5122/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19235122","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19235122","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19235122","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/23/5122/pdf?version=1574928184","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6700000166893005}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2928400874","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61872262","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5698035823","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61572349","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6912325249","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No.61872262,61572349","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G848032724","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2990333138.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2990333138.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1690148500","https://openalex.org/W2210727441","https://openalex.org/W2584560261","https://openalex.org/W2606431350","https://openalex.org/W2610892288","https://openalex.org/W2736024402","https://openalex.org/W2739237290","https://openalex.org/W2767807820","https://openalex.org/W2785141725","https://openalex.org/W2797723410","https://openalex.org/W2805209699","https://openalex.org/W2806705211","https://openalex.org/W2807066473","https://openalex.org/W2809803840","https://openalex.org/W2825630662","https://openalex.org/W2881540367","https://openalex.org/W2885699990","https://openalex.org/W2901126201","https://openalex.org/W2945828882","https://openalex.org/W2963612227","https://openalex.org/W2963666670"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2883256816","https://openalex.org/W17155033","https://openalex.org/W2171408034","https://openalex.org/W3003320923","https://openalex.org/W2106140982","https://openalex.org/W3207760230","https://openalex.org/W1496222301","https://openalex.org/W2152313554","https://openalex.org/W2064303750","https://openalex.org/W4390585229"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Low":[0],"power":[1],"wide":[2],"area":[3],"network":[4,94,171],"(LoRaWAN)":[5],"protocol":[6],"has":[7,137],"been":[8],"widely":[9],"used":[10],"in":[11,28,81,112,165],"various":[12],"fields.":[13],"With":[14],"its":[15],"rapid":[16],"development,":[17],"security":[18,55,110,174,189],"issues":[19],"about":[20],"the":[21,29,40,43,46,62,65,74,77,85,91,105,126,139,146,152,162,178,184,188],"awareness":[22],"and":[23,45,160,170,183,202,208,219],"defense":[24],"against":[25,223],"malicious":[26,101,224],"events":[27],"Internet":[30],"of":[31,42,50,64,148],"Things":[32],"must":[33],"be":[34,97,192],"taken":[35],"seriously.":[36],"Eavesdroppers":[37],"can":[38,72,191],"exploit":[39],"shortcomings":[41],"specification":[44],"limited":[47],"consumption":[48],"performance":[49,209],"devices":[51],"to":[52,99,130,205,221],"carry":[53],"out":[54],"attacks":[56,133],"such":[57],"as":[58],"replay":[59,132],"attacks.":[60],"In":[61],"process":[63],"over-the-air-activation":[66],"(OTAA)":[67],"for":[68],"LoRa":[69,168],"nodes,":[70],"attackers":[71],"modify":[73],"data":[75,78],"because":[76],"is":[79,89,216],"transmitted":[80],"plain":[82],"text.":[83],"If":[84],"user's":[86],"root":[87,140],"key":[88],"leaked,":[90],"wireless":[92],"sensor":[93],"will":[95],"not":[96],"able":[98,220],"prevent":[100,131],"nodes":[102,169],"from":[103],"joining":[104],"network.":[106],"To":[107],"solve":[108],"this":[109],"flaw":[111],"LoRaWAN,":[113],"we":[114],"propose":[115],"a":[116,203],"countermeasure":[117],"called":[118],"Secure-Packet-Transmission":[119],"scheme":[120,144],"(SPT)":[121],"which":[122],"works":[123],"based":[124],"on":[125],"LoRaWAN":[127],"standard":[128],"v1.1":[129],"when":[134],"an":[135],"attacker":[136],"obtained":[138],"key.":[141],"The":[142,173],"proposed":[143],"redefines":[145],"format":[147],"join-request":[149],"packet,":[150],"add":[151],"new":[153],"One":[154],"Time":[155],"Password":[156],"(OTP)":[157],"encrypted":[158],"method":[159],"changes":[161],"transmission":[163],"strategy":[164],"OTAA":[166],"between":[167],"server.":[172],"evaluation":[175],"by":[176,200],"using":[177],"Burrows-Abadi-Needham":[179],"logic":[180],"(BAN":[181],"Logic)":[182],"Scyther":[185],"shows":[186],"that":[187,214],"goal":[190],"achieved.":[193],"This":[194],"paper":[195],"also":[196],"conducts":[197],"extensive":[198],"experiments":[199],"simulations":[201],"testbed":[204],"perform":[206],"feasibility":[207],"analysis.":[210],"All":[211],"results":[212],"demonstrate":[213],"SPT":[215],"lightweight,":[217],"efficient":[218],"defend":[222],"behavior.":[225]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}