{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2983280015","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19224933","title":"A Convolutional Neural Network for Impact Detection and Characterization of Complex Composite Structures","display_name":"A Convolutional Neural Network for Impact Detection and Characterization of Complex Composite Structures","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-11-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2983280015","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19224933","mag":"2983280015","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31726762"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19224933","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19224933","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/22/4933/pdf?version=1573648542","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/22/4933/pdf?version=1573648542","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035782187","display_name":"Iuliana Tabian","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Iuliana Tabian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Aeronautics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Aeronautics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045386141","display_name":"Hailing Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7557-3853"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143804889","display_name":"Loughborough University","ror":"https://ror.org/04vg4w365","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143804889"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hailing Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7557-3853","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143804889"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010252397","display_name":"Zahra Sharif Khodaei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5106-2197"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zahra Sharif Khodaei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Aeronautics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5106-2197","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Aeronautics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5010252397"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":12.4476,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":179,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99552708,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"22","first_page":"4933","last_page":"4933"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10662","display_name":"Ultrasonics and Acoustic Wave Propagation","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10662","display_name":"Ultrasonics and Acoustic Wave Propagation","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10534","display_name":"Structural Health Monitoring Techniques","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12682","display_name":"Smart Materials for Construction","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2310","display_name":"Pollution"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metamodeling","display_name":"Metamodeling","score":0.7564620971679688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuselage","display_name":"Fuselage","score":0.7314399480819702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7310220003128052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.5644072890281677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/characterization","display_name":"Characterization (materials science)","score":0.5405172109603882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-number","display_name":"Composite number","score":0.5292127728462219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5279392600059509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4199994206428528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.38635730743408203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3721933960914612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.32050514221191406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-engineering","display_name":"Structural engineering","score":0.3020459711551666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.23505589365959167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.13228437304496765}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86610423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1925081","display_name":"Metamodeling","level":2,"score":0.7564620971679688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113556839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1110579","display_name":"Fuselage","level":2,"score":0.7314399480819702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7310220003128052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5644072890281677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780841128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5073781","display_name":"Characterization (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.5405172109603882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104779481","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50707","display_name":"Composite number","level":2,"score":0.5292127728462219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5279392600059509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4199994206428528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.38635730743408203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3721933960914612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.32050514221191406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.3020459711551666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.23505589365959167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.13228437304496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19224933","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19224933","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/22/4933/pdf?version=1573648542","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:31726762","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31726762","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:5870597","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6891538","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/10320101","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/A_convolutional_neural_network_for_impact_detection_and_characterization_of_complex_composite_structures/10320101","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/19/22/4933/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19224933","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:spiral.imperial.ac.uk:10044/1/75240","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/75240","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401396","display_name":"Spiral (Imperial College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","host_organization_name":"Imperial College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19224933","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19224933","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/22/4933/pdf?version=1573648542","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.41999998688697815,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2983280015.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2983280015.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W1966885922","https://openalex.org/W1968976995","https://openalex.org/W1978641127","https://openalex.org/W1980588702","https://openalex.org/W1983364832","https://openalex.org/W2004424196","https://openalex.org/W2017713683","https://openalex.org/W2032354890","https://openalex.org/W2046978589","https://openalex.org/W2057645349","https://openalex.org/W2074737208","https://openalex.org/W2074935613","https://openalex.org/W2082904590","https://openalex.org/W2091321824","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2117731089","https://openalex.org/W2154579312","https://openalex.org/W2287752888","https://openalex.org/W2332066482","https://openalex.org/W2342792048","https://openalex.org/W2404692435","https://openalex.org/W2518563800","https://openalex.org/W2521430155","https://openalex.org/W2531018410","https://openalex.org/W2555062391","https://openalex.org/W2556345765","https://openalex.org/W2562219162","https://openalex.org/W2584696667","https://openalex.org/W2585332054","https://openalex.org/W2622826443","https://openalex.org/W2625750421","https://openalex.org/W2734669076","https://openalex.org/W2736263403","https://openalex.org/W2737897717","https://openalex.org/W2753955830","https://openalex.org/W2756789966","https://openalex.org/W2765854388","https://openalex.org/W2773513108","https://openalex.org/W2782623557","https://openalex.org/W2793022090","https://openalex.org/W2793062918","https://openalex.org/W2801457104","https://openalex.org/W2810292802","https://openalex.org/W2889314284","https://openalex.org/W2890179326","https://openalex.org/W2895935184","https://openalex.org/W2929728137","https://openalex.org/W2939451523","https://openalex.org/W2962949934","https://openalex.org/W2969577109","https://openalex.org/W3104258355","https://openalex.org/W3122101030","https://openalex.org/W6658741401","https://openalex.org/W6674330103"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4248245130","https://openalex.org/W1527563262","https://openalex.org/W1966616960","https://openalex.org/W4312554538","https://openalex.org/W1982444000","https://openalex.org/W3130756715","https://openalex.org/W2039210922","https://openalex.org/W4312342900","https://openalex.org/W2058313026","https://openalex.org/W3121468381"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"reports":[2],"on":[3,18,78,119],"a":[4,79],"novel":[5],"metamodel":[6,162],"for":[7,35,66],"impact":[8,36,51,67],"detection,":[9],"localization":[10,37],"and":[11,23,32,38,43,53,69,115,146],"characterization":[12,39],"of":[13,73,94,111,131,158],"complex":[14],"composite":[15,80,168],"structures":[16],"based":[17],"Convolutional":[19],"Neural":[20],"Networks":[21],"(CNN)":[22],"passive":[24],"sensing.":[25],"Methods":[26],"to":[27,60,86,148,163],"generate":[28],"appropriate":[29],"input":[30],"datasets":[31],"network":[33],"architectures":[34],"were":[40,126,137],"proposed,":[41],"investigated":[42,100],"optimized.":[44],"The":[45,71],"ultrasonic":[46],"waves":[47],"generated":[48],"by":[49,55,101],"external":[50],"events":[52],"recorded":[54],"piezoelectric":[56],"sensors":[57],"are":[58,64],"transferred":[59],"2D":[61],"images":[62],"which":[63,83],"used":[65],"detection":[68,75],"characterization.":[70],"accuracy":[72,130],"the":[74,92,103,107,112,117,156,159],"was":[76,84],"tested":[77],"fuselage":[81],"panel":[82,114],"shown":[85],"be":[87],"over":[88,132],"94%.":[89],"In":[90],"addition,":[91],"scalability":[93],"this":[95],"metamodelling":[96],"technique":[97],"has":[98],"been":[99],"training":[102],"CNN":[104],"metamodels":[105],"with":[106,122,128,150],"data":[108],"from":[109],"part":[110],"stiffened":[113],"testing":[116],"performance":[118],"other":[120],"sections":[121],"similar":[123],"geometry.":[124],"Impacts":[125],"detected":[127],"an":[129],"95%.":[133],"Impact":[134],"energy":[135],"levels":[136],"also":[138],"successfully":[139],"categorized":[140],"while":[141],"trained":[142],"at":[143],"coupon":[144],"level":[145],"applied":[147],"sub-components":[149],"greater":[151],"complexity.":[152],"These":[153],"results":[154],"validated":[155],"applicability":[157],"proposed":[160],"CNN-based":[161],"real-life":[164],"application":[165],"such":[166],"as":[167],"aircraft":[169],"parts.":[170]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-05-24T08:33:08.758527","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}