{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2986575350","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19224909","title":"Classification of Low Frequency Signals Emitted by Power Transformers Using Sensors and Machine Learning Methods","display_name":"Classification of Low Frequency Signals Emitted by Power Transformers Using Sensors and Machine Learning Methods","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-11-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2986575350","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19224909","mag":"2986575350"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19224909","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19224909","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/22/4909/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/22/4909/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087081421","display_name":"Daniel Jancarczyk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4370-7965"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62088572","display_name":"University of Bielsko-Bia\u0142a","ror":"https://ror.org/01ew38b77","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62088572"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Jancarczyk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Automatics, University of Bielsko-Biala, 43-309 Bielsko-Biala, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4370-7965","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Automatics, University of Bielsko-Biala, 43-309 Bielsko-Biala, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62088572"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054115977","display_name":"Marcin Berna\u015b","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0099-1647"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62088572","display_name":"University of Bielsko-Bia\u0142a","ror":"https://ror.org/01ew38b77","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62088572"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marcin Berna\u015b","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Automatics, University of Bielsko-Biala, 43-309 Bielsko-Biala, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0099-1647","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Automatics, University of Bielsko-Biala, 43-309 Bielsko-Biala, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62088572"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036221049","display_name":"T. Boczar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5399-0728"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119217307","display_name":"Opole University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05sj5k538","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119217307"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tomasz Boczar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Electric Power Engineering and Renewable Energy, Opole University of Technology, 45-758 Opole, Poland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electric Power Engineering and Renewable Energy, Opole University of Technology, 45-758 Opole, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119217307"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5054115977"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62088572"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.3632,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6246746,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"22","first_page":"4909","last_page":"4909"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11343","display_name":"Power Transformer Diagnostics and Insulation","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11343","display_name":"Power Transformer Diagnostics and Insulation","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12169","display_name":"Non-Destructive Testing Techniques","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.9871000051498413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.662505030632019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprocessor","display_name":"Preprocessor","score":0.5804482102394104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5087884068489075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.49732735753059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.44167017936706543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.43019434809684753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.38304638862609863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.34857237339019775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.2403663694858551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.18794482946395874}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.662505030632019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.5804482102394104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5087884068489075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.49732735753059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.44167017936706543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.43019434809684753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.38304638862609863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.34857237339019775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.2403663694858551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.18794482946395874}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19224909","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19224909","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/22/4909/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7712fec3b49f46188a5ca3618ae1bb16","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7712fec3b49f46188a5ca3618ae1bb16","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 19, Iss 22, p 4909 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/19/22/4909/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19224909","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6891639","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6891639","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19224909","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19224909","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/22/4909/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5899999737739563,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2986575350.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2986575350.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W349770100","https://openalex.org/W766458611","https://openalex.org/W1533861849","https://openalex.org/W1560724230","https://openalex.org/W1570448133","https://openalex.org/W1580142630","https://openalex.org/W1588424744","https://openalex.org/W1590183771","https://openalex.org/W1594358512","https://openalex.org/W1934019294","https://openalex.org/W1994655805","https://openalex.org/W2016589492","https://openalex.org/W2025341678","https://openalex.org/W2059867048","https://openalex.org/W2071128523","https://openalex.org/W2071557887","https://openalex.org/W2076063813","https://openalex.org/W2083402998","https://openalex.org/W2106411961","https://openalex.org/W2106822551","https://openalex.org/W2125838338","https://openalex.org/W2128728535","https://openalex.org/W2147880316","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2340616775","https://openalex.org/W2564005091","https://openalex.org/W2619383789","https://openalex.org/W2762644836","https://openalex.org/W2763148304","https://openalex.org/W2765783485","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2965343518","https://openalex.org/W3099185017","https://openalex.org/W4212883601","https://openalex.org/W4239510810","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6611762666","https://openalex.org/W6634941687","https://openalex.org/W6635058605","https://openalex.org/W6665365346","https://openalex.org/W6676179485"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2397288865","https://openalex.org/W2368524271","https://openalex.org/W2576709312","https://openalex.org/W2023657818","https://openalex.org/W2392797073","https://openalex.org/W2384907669","https://openalex.org/W2373120800","https://openalex.org/W2989490741","https://openalex.org/W1525606436","https://openalex.org/W2482165163"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"proposes":[2],"a":[3,40,86,88,94],"method":[4,25,89,134],"of":[5,30,99,113,124,132],"automatically":[6,51],"detecting":[7],"and":[8,19,47,65,77,104],"classifying":[9],"low":[10],"frequency":[11,28,45],"noise":[12,152],"generated":[13,34,119],"by":[14,37,83,135],"power":[15],"transformers":[16,38,73,81,101],"using":[17],"sensors":[18],"dedicated":[20],"machine":[21,56,60,138],"learning":[22,57,61,139],"algorithms.":[23],"The":[24,43,122],"applies":[26],"the":[27,54,118,125,130,148],"spectra":[29,44],"sound":[31],"pressure":[32],"levels":[33],"during":[35],"operation":[36],"in":[39,96],"real":[41],"environment.":[42],"interval":[46],"its":[48],"resolution":[49],"are":[50],"optimized":[52],"for":[53,151],"selected":[55,142],"algorithm.":[58],"Various":[59],"algorithms,":[62],"optimization":[63],"techniques,":[64],"transformer":[66],"types":[67],"were":[68,141],"researched:":[69],"two":[70,78],"indoor":[71],"type":[72,80,106],"from":[74],"Schneider":[75],"Electric":[76],"overhead":[79],"manufactured":[82],"ABB.":[84],"As":[85],"result,":[87],"was":[90],"proposed":[91,126],"that":[92],"provides":[93],"way":[95],"which":[97,143],"inspections":[98],"working":[100],"(from":[102],"background)":[103],"their":[105],"can":[107],"be":[108],"performed":[109],"with":[110],"an":[111],"accuracy":[112,131],"over":[114],"97%,":[115],"based":[116],"on":[117],"low-frequency":[120],"noise.":[121],"application":[123],"preprocessing":[127],"stage":[128],"increased":[129],"this":[133],"10%.":[136],"Additionally,":[137],"algorithms":[140],"offer":[144],"robust":[145],"solutions":[146],"(with":[147],"highest":[149],"accuracy)":[150],"classification.":[153]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}