{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2985781125","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19224859","title":"BLE Fingerprint Indoor Localization Algorithm Based on Eight-Neighborhood Template Matching","display_name":"BLE Fingerprint Indoor Localization Algorithm Based on Eight-Neighborhood Template Matching","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-11-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2985781125","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19224859","mag":"2985781125","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31703444"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19224859","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19224859","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/22/4859/pdf?version=1573139963","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/22/4859/pdf?version=1573139963","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101705872","display_name":"Mingfeng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8318-5754"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134687103","display_name":"Nanjing Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/03sd35x91","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134687103"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mingfeng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geomatics Science and Technology, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geomatics Science and Technology, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134687103"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016042658","display_name":"Lichen Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5805-3194"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134687103","display_name":"Nanjing Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/03sd35x91","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134687103"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lichen Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geomatics Science and Technology, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geomatics Science and Technology, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134687103"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053936927","display_name":"Ding Ying Tan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ding Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071226972","display_name":"Xiaozhe Tong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134687103","display_name":"Nanjing Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/03sd35x91","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134687103"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaozhe Tong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geomatics Science and Technology, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geomatics Science and Technology, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134687103"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101705872"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134687103"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":2.4519,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":40,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89687287,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"22","first_page":"4859","last_page":"4859"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.987500011920929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.98580002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fingerprint","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","score":0.8302446603775024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/euclidean-distance","display_name":"Euclidean distance","score":0.7022961974143982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/received-signal-strength-indication","display_name":"Received signal strength indication","score":0.6703099012374878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/k-nearest-neighbors-algorithm","display_name":"k-nearest neighbors algorithm","score":0.6495688557624817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6225119829177856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.6029980182647705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/template","display_name":"Template","score":0.5501981377601624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.549342930316925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-strength","display_name":"Signal strength","score":0.5057117938995361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.5028035640716553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4723982512950897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/template-matching","display_name":"Template matching","score":0.47080859541893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fingerprint-recognition","display_name":"Fingerprint recognition","score":0.4606596827507019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correlation-coefficient","display_name":"Correlation coefficient","score":0.45996788144111633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.45661184191703796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.44965457916259766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3500860929489136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.273321270942688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.23605260252952576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.15453693270683289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.11701220273971558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.08804565668106079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.07778903841972351}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777826928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3745713","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","level":2,"score":0.8302446603775024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120174047","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q847073","display_name":"Euclidean distance","level":2,"score":0.7022961974143982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778913798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1195672","display_name":"Received signal strength indication","level":3,"score":0.6703099012374878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113238511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071612","display_name":"k-nearest neighbors algorithm","level":2,"score":0.6495688557624817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6225119829177856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.6029980182647705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82714645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q438331","display_name":"Template","level":2,"score":0.5501981377601624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.549342930316925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176808163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17105794","display_name":"Signal strength","level":3,"score":0.5057117938995361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.5028035640716553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4723982512950897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158096908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3983303","display_name":"Template matching","level":3,"score":0.47080859541893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168406668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178022","display_name":"Fingerprint recognition","level":3,"score":0.4606596827507019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780092901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3433612","display_name":"Correlation coefficient","level":2,"score":0.45996788144111633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.45661184191703796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.44965457916259766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3500860929489136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.273321270942688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.23605260252952576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.15453693270683289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.11701220273971558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.08804565668106079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.07778903841972351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19224859","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19224859","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/22/4859/pdf?version=1573139963","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:31703444","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31703444","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5c486c8715a94049ba4f82857b982a58","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5c486c8715a94049ba4f82857b982a58","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 19, Iss 22, p 4859 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/19/22/4859/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19224859","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6891383","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6891383","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19224859","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19224859","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/22/4859/pdf?version=1573139963","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.800000011920929,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1499325462","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e09\u7ef4\u6fc0\u5149\u626b\u63cf/SLAM\u7684\u5730\u4e0b\u53d7\u9650\u7a7a\u95f4\u6574\u4f53\u53d8\u5f62\u76d1\u63a7\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"41974214","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2985781125.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W565909586","https://openalex.org/W1739552450","https://openalex.org/W1843646448","https://openalex.org/W1973466238","https://openalex.org/W2013358857","https://openalex.org/W2016520759","https://openalex.org/W2064215475","https://openalex.org/W2100989187","https://openalex.org/W2108422006","https://openalex.org/W2108432483","https://openalex.org/W2109420096","https://openalex.org/W2120702424","https://openalex.org/W2146521180","https://openalex.org/W2155024155","https://openalex.org/W2159405390","https://openalex.org/W2170102584","https://openalex.org/W2183794822","https://openalex.org/W2281716152","https://openalex.org/W2343107556","https://openalex.org/W2386511883","https://openalex.org/W2413250594","https://openalex.org/W2608226928","https://openalex.org/W2735031100","https://openalex.org/W2780939494","https://openalex.org/W2948112725","https://openalex.org/W2995155311","https://openalex.org/W6685062384"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2551177135","https://openalex.org/W2612405521","https://openalex.org/W2151430090","https://openalex.org/W2803794770","https://openalex.org/W3121138807","https://openalex.org/W2388949434","https://openalex.org/W2357590506","https://openalex.org/W2366746442","https://openalex.org/W2098964748","https://openalex.org/W2107322003"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Aiming":[0],"at":[1],"the":[2,14,27,34,37,45,48,51,62,75,79,87,99,112,118,122,134,138,147,162],"problem":[3],"of":[4,16,21,36,40,78,124,141,149],"indoor":[5,17,22,63],"environment,":[6],"signal":[7,38,81],"non-line-of-sight":[8],"propagation":[9],"and":[10,55,74,90,111,129,179],"other":[11],"factors":[12],"affect":[13],"accuracy":[15,154],"locating,":[18],"an":[19],"algorithm":[20],"fingerprint":[23,46,135,142,151],"localization":[24],"based":[25],"on":[26,33,152],"eight-neighborhood":[28,52],"template":[29,53,128],"is":[30,155,165,169],"proposed.":[31],"Based":[32],"analysis":[35],"strength":[39,82],"adjacent":[41],"reference":[42],"points":[43,89],"in":[44,93,133],"database,":[47],"methods":[49],"for":[50,70,107,121],"matching":[54],"generation":[56,100],"were":[57,96,105],"studied.":[58],"In":[59],"this":[60],"study,":[61],"environment":[64],"was":[65,115],"divided":[66],"into":[67,145],"four":[68],"quadrants":[69,95],"each":[71,127],"access":[72,109],"point":[73,114],"expected":[76],"values":[77],"received":[80],"indication":[83],"(RSSI)":[84],"difference":[85],"between":[86,126],"center":[88],"their":[91],"eight-neighborhoods":[92],"different":[94,103,108],"chosen":[97],"as":[98],"parameters.":[101],"Then":[102],"templates":[104],"generated":[106],"points,":[110],"unknown":[113],"located":[116],"by":[117],"Euclidean":[119],"distance":[120],"correlation":[123,140],"RSSI":[125],"its":[130],"coverage":[131],"area":[132],"database.":[136],"With":[137],"spatial":[139],"data":[143],"taken":[144],"account,":[146],"influence":[148],"abnormal":[150],"locating":[153,163],"reduced.":[156],"The":[157],"experimental":[158],"results":[159],"show":[160],"that":[161],"error":[164],"1.0":[166],"m,":[167],"which":[168],"about":[170],"0.2":[171],"m":[172],"less":[173],"than":[174],"both":[175],"K-nearest":[176,181],"neighbor":[177,182],"(KNN)":[178],"weighted":[180],"(WKNN)":[183],"algorithms.":[184]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T06:13:13.366637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}