{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2988481835","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19224831","title":"A Hardware-Deployable Neuromorphic Solution for Encoding and Classification of Electronic Nose Data","display_name":"A Hardware-Deployable Neuromorphic Solution for Encoding and Classification of Electronic Nose Data","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-11-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2988481835","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19224831","mag":"2988481835","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31698785"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19224831","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19224831","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/22/4831/pdf?version=1573040336","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/22/4831/pdf?version=1573040336","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007654665","display_name":"Anup Vanarse","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0082-4283"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12079687","display_name":"Edith Cowan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05jhnwe22","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12079687"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anup Vanarse","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, 6027 Perth, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0082-4283","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, 6027 Perth, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12079687"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047798115","display_name":"Adam Osseiran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9611-9345"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12079687","display_name":"Edith Cowan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05jhnwe22","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12079687"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adam Osseiran","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, 6027 Perth, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9611-9345","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, 6027 Perth, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12079687"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003097408","display_name":"Alexander Rassau","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8295-5681"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12079687","display_name":"Edith Cowan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05jhnwe22","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12079687"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Rassau","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, 6027 Perth, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8295-5681","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, 6027 Perth, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12079687"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055826160","display_name":"Peter van der Made","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter van der Made","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brainchip Inc., Aliso Viejo, CA 92656, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brainchip Inc., Aliso Viejo, CA 92656, USA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5007654665"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12079687"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":1.0855,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":38,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74518705,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"22","first_page":"4831","last_page":"4831"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11667","display_name":"Advanced Chemical Sensor Technologies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11667","display_name":"Advanced Chemical Sensor Technologies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9914000034332275,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuromorphic-engineering","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","score":0.8615898489952087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7832652926445007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emulation","display_name":"Emulation","score":0.6968315839767456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spiking-neural-network","display_name":"Spiking neural network","score":0.6898541450500488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.5785744190216064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5034632086753845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.48412832617759705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4725249409675598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoder","display_name":"Encoder","score":0.4268464744091034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.42492786049842834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spike","display_name":"Spike (software development)","score":0.4139328598976135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.41324058175086975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.37131962180137634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3534680902957916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.3228490352630615}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151927369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1981312","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","level":3,"score":0.8615898489952087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7832652926445007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149810388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5374873","display_name":"Emulation","level":2,"score":0.6968315839767456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11731999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9067355","display_name":"Spiking neural network","level":3,"score":0.6898541450500488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5785744190216064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5034632086753845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.48412832617759705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4725249409675598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.4268464744091034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.42492786049842834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781390188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25203449","display_name":"Spike (software development)","level":2,"score":0.4139328598976135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.41324058175086975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.37131962180137634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3534680902957916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.3228490352630615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19224831","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19224831","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/22/4831/pdf?version=1573040336","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:31698785","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31698785","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ro.ecu.edu.au:ecuworkspost2013-8241","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ro.ecu.edu.au/ecuworkspost2013/7236","pdf_url":"https://ro.ecu.edu.au/ecuworkspost2013/7236","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765015692","display_name":"Australasian Journal of Paramedicine","issn_l":"2202-7270","issn":["2202-7270"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research outputs 2014 to 2021","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6891685","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6891685","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a675c514f17c4858bab2173e108ef140","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a675c514f17c4858bab2173e108ef140","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 19, Iss 22, p 4831 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/19/22/4831/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19224831","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19224831","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19224831","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/22/4831/pdf?version=1573040336","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2988481835.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2988481835.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1260401852","https://openalex.org/W1550335337","https://openalex.org/W1979933607","https://openalex.org/W1997082874","https://openalex.org/W1997947642","https://openalex.org/W2026687891","https://openalex.org/W2036558162","https://openalex.org/W2036737027","https://openalex.org/W2051701188","https://openalex.org/W2060315146","https://openalex.org/W2076661751","https://openalex.org/W2093379428","https://openalex.org/W2122841949","https://openalex.org/W2129189353","https://openalex.org/W2143375067","https://openalex.org/W2152971337","https://openalex.org/W2154744349","https://openalex.org/W2163288878","https://openalex.org/W2165899560","https://openalex.org/W2252489915","https://openalex.org/W2288025140","https://openalex.org/W2332954138","https://openalex.org/W2484790106","https://openalex.org/W2491111449","https://openalex.org/W2624410588","https://openalex.org/W2766316619","https://openalex.org/W2767721992","https://openalex.org/W2768161632","https://openalex.org/W2786118190","https://openalex.org/W2796323669","https://openalex.org/W2897802248","https://openalex.org/W2898323475","https://openalex.org/W2929447922","https://openalex.org/W2936668654"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3090035160","https://openalex.org/W3036270242","https://openalex.org/W2542565870","https://openalex.org/W3089892344","https://openalex.org/W4297889476","https://openalex.org/W3081559266","https://openalex.org/W3160415743","https://openalex.org/W3208975838","https://openalex.org/W4313442939","https://openalex.org/W4386227293"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"several":[1],"application":[2,78],"domains,":[3],"electronic":[4],"nose":[5],"systems":[6],"employing":[7],"conventional":[8],"data":[9,46,62,138],"processing":[10,63,73],"approaches":[11,34],"incur":[12],"substantial":[13],"power":[14,51],"and":[15,18,24,50,64,79,144,163,181],"computational":[16,49],"costs":[17],"limitations,":[19],"such":[20,69],"as":[21,70],"significant":[22],"latency":[23,74,148],"poor":[25],"accuracy":[26,143],"for":[27,38,169,179],"classification.":[28],"Recent":[29],"developments":[30],"in":[31,91,105],"spike-based":[32,81],"bio-inspired":[33],"have":[35,56,86],"delivered":[36],"solutions":[37,82],"the":[39,72,127,153,161,190],"highly":[40],"accurate":[41],"classification":[42,65,187],"of":[43,124,149,157,165,174],"multivariate":[44],"sensor":[45,137],"with":[47,139,145],"minimized":[48],"requirements.":[52],"Although":[53],"these":[54],"methods":[55],"addressed":[57],"issues":[58],"related":[59],"to":[60,75,88,131,134],"efficient":[61],"accuracy,":[66],"other":[67],"areas,":[68],"reducing":[71],"support":[76],"real-time":[77],"deploying":[80],"on":[83,115,152,185],"supported":[84],"hardware,":[85],"yet":[87],"be":[89,112,132],"studied":[90],"detail.":[92],"Through":[93],"this":[94,158],"investigation,":[95],"we":[96],"proposed":[97],"a":[98,106,116,146,166,182],"spiking":[99],"neural":[100],"network":[101],"(SNN)-based":[102],"classifier,":[103],"implemented":[104],"chip-emulation-based":[107],"development":[108],"environment,":[109],"that":[110],"can":[111],"seamlessly":[113],"deployed":[114],"neuromorphic":[117],"system-on-a-chip":[118],"(NSoC).":[119],"Under":[120],"three":[121],"different":[122],"scenarios":[123],"increasing":[125],"complexity,":[126],"SNN":[128],"was":[129],"determined":[130],"able":[133],"classify":[135],"real-valued":[136],"greater":[140],"than":[141],"90%":[142],"maximum":[147],"3":[150],"s":[151],"software-based":[154],"platform.":[155],"Highlights":[156],"work":[159],"included":[160],"design":[162],"implementation":[164,173],"novel":[167],"encoder":[168],"artificial":[170],"olfactory":[171],"systems,":[172],"unsupervised":[175],"spike-timing-dependent":[176],"plasticity":[177],"(STDP)":[178],"learning,":[180],"foundational":[183],"study":[184],"early":[186],"capability":[188],"using":[189],"SNN-based":[191],"classifier.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
