{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2986375857","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19214793","title":"Energy Efficiency of a Decode-and-Forward Multiple-Relay Network with Rate Adaptive LDPC Codes","display_name":"Energy Efficiency of a Decode-and-Forward Multiple-Relay Network with Rate Adaptive LDPC Codes","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-11-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2986375857","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19214793","mag":"2986375857","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31689959"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19214793","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19214793","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/21/4793/pdf?version=1572859185","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/21/4793/pdf?version=1572859185","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089906839","display_name":"Bushra Bashir Chaoudhry","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100066346","display_name":"University of Stuttgart","ror":"https://ror.org/04vnq7t77","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bushra Bashir Chaoudhry","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Telecommunications, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Telecommunications, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078865165","display_name":"Syed Ali Hassan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8572-7377"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Syed Ali Hassan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science (SEECS), National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science (SEECS), National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084271095","display_name":"Joachim Speidel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6026-5877"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100066346","display_name":"University of Stuttgart","ror":"https://ror.org/04vnq7t77","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joachim Speidel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Telecommunications, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Telecommunications, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002135635","display_name":"Haejoon Jung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1901-2784"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146429904","display_name":"Incheon National University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xf7p935","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146429904"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Haejoon Jung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information & Telecommunication Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information & Telecommunication Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146429904"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002135635"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146429904"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.5571,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71416782,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"21","first_page":"4793","last_page":"4793"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10796","display_name":"Cooperative Communication and Network Coding","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10796","display_name":"Cooperative Communication and Network Coding","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-density-parity-check-code","display_name":"Low-density parity-check code","score":0.73963862657547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7085874676704407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relay","display_name":"Relay","score":0.578719973564148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.5602404475212097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bit-error-rate","display_name":"Bit error rate","score":0.49974989891052246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.49194857478141785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectral-efficiency","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","score":0.49082693457603455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forward-error-correction","display_name":"Forward error correction","score":0.464851051568985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-service","display_name":"Quality of service","score":0.4351201057434082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4221612215042114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4195411205291748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.33930516242980957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.3281079828739166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.30590423941612244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.2754170298576355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.26859259605407715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.22065863013267517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.14003413915634155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12068501114845276}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67692717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187444","display_name":"Low-density parity-check code","level":3,"score":0.73963862657547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7085874676704407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778156585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174053","display_name":"Relay","level":3,"score":0.578719973564148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.5602404475212097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56296756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840922","display_name":"Bit error rate","level":3,"score":0.49974989891052246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.49194857478141785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137246740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q583970","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","level":3,"score":0.49082693457603455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202932441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55611017","display_name":"Forward error correction","level":3,"score":0.464851051568985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.4351201057434082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4221612215042114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4195411205291748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.33930516242980957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.3281079828739166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.30590423941612244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2754170298576355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.26859259605407715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.22065863013267517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.14003413915634155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12068501114845276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19214793","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19214793","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/21/4793/pdf?version=1572859185","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:31689959","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31689959","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:898b28eb5f6843849ba48726f29dfc7a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/898b28eb5f6843849ba48726f29dfc7a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 19, Iss 21, p 4793 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:5875752","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6864720","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/19/21/4793/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19214793","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19214793","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19214793","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/21/4793/pdf?version=1572859185","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9100000262260437,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2248027220","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2019R1F1A1047989","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G342704958","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"funded","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G982292920","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-20","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2986375857.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2986375857.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1723660629","https://openalex.org/W1971536606","https://openalex.org/W2006422753","https://openalex.org/W2008980682","https://openalex.org/W2014494616","https://openalex.org/W2020884712","https://openalex.org/W2028734923","https://openalex.org/W2038130900","https://openalex.org/W2047053814","https://openalex.org/W2058557271","https://openalex.org/W2058748438","https://openalex.org/W2116674255","https://openalex.org/W2119073099","https://openalex.org/W2126259959","https://openalex.org/W2131280424","https://openalex.org/W2133842557","https://openalex.org/W2136284350","https://openalex.org/W2149178742","https://openalex.org/W2155650357","https://openalex.org/W2160434226","https://openalex.org/W2162325058","https://openalex.org/W2162394793","https://openalex.org/W2167447263","https://openalex.org/W2338114094","https://openalex.org/W2554190325","https://openalex.org/W2574902525","https://openalex.org/W2599394515","https://openalex.org/W2617667294","https://openalex.org/W2743562939","https://openalex.org/W2751512711","https://openalex.org/W2767822183","https://openalex.org/W2892832467","https://openalex.org/W2912565098","https://openalex.org/W2938048571","https://openalex.org/W4246762037","https://openalex.org/W6681657654"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2623918504","https://openalex.org/W2957709805","https://openalex.org/W2916248738","https://openalex.org/W1968720239","https://openalex.org/W2622922565","https://openalex.org/W2100531868","https://openalex.org/W2121747124","https://openalex.org/W2011630204","https://openalex.org/W4221096776","https://openalex.org/W2811127143"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"cooperative":[3,121],"transmission":[4,48,163],"(CT),":[5],"where":[6,45],"multiple":[7],"relays":[8],"are":[9,69,148],"used":[10,149],"to":[11,77,157],"achieve":[12],"array":[13],"and":[14,52,79,87,93,107,165],"diversity":[15],"gains,":[16],"as":[17,71,104],"an":[18,112],"enabling":[19],"technology":[20],"for":[21,119],"Internet":[22],"of":[23,60,133],"Things":[24],"(IoT)":[25],"networks":[26],"with":[27,57,138],"hardware-limited":[28],"devices.":[29],"We":[30,89,128],"investigate":[31],"a":[32,41,154],"channel":[33],"coding":[34],"aided":[35],"decode-and-forward":[36],"(DF)":[37],"relaying":[38],"network,":[39,44],"considering":[40],"two-hop":[42],"multiple-relay":[43],"the":[46,50,53,58,81,85,99,120,124,130],"data":[47,82],"between":[49,160],"source":[51,86],"destination":[54],"is":[55,117],"realized":[56],"help":[59],"DF":[61],"relays.":[62,88],"Low":[63],"density":[64],"parity":[65],"check":[66],"(LDPC)":[67],"codes":[68,76],"adopted":[70],"forward":[72],"error":[73,167],"correction":[74],"(FEC)":[75],"encode":[78],"decode":[80],"both":[83,91,151],"at":[84],"consider":[90],"fixed":[92],"variable":[94],"code":[95,146],"rates":[96,147],"depending":[97],"upon":[98],"quality-of-service":[100],"(QoS)":[101],"provisioning":[102],"such":[103],"spectral":[105],"efficiency":[106,126],"maximum":[108],"energy":[109,125],"efficiency.":[110],"Furthermore,":[111],"optimal":[113],"power":[114],"allocation":[115],"scheme":[116],"studied":[118],"system":[122,161],"under":[123],"constraint.":[127],"present":[129],"simulation":[131],"results":[132],"our":[134],"proposed":[135],"scheme,":[136],"compared":[137],"conventional":[139],"methods,":[140],"which":[141],"show":[142],"that":[143],"if":[144],"decoupled":[145],"on":[150],"hops":[152],"then":[153],"trade-off":[155],"has":[156],"be":[158],"maintained":[159],"complexity,":[162],"delay,":[164],"bit":[166],"rate":[168],"(BER).":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}