{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2981340625","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19214653","title":"High-Sensitivity Pixels with a Quad-WRGB Color Filter and Spatial Deep-Trench Isolation","display_name":"High-Sensitivity Pixels with a Quad-WRGB Color Filter and Spatial Deep-Trench Isolation","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-10-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2981340625","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19214653","mag":"2981340625","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31717755"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19214653","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19214653","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/21/4653/pdf?version=1572317285","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/21/4653/pdf?version=1572317285","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029338669","display_name":"Yongnam Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6731-7123"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51226738","display_name":"Dong-A University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qvtpc38","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51226738"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yongnam Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics Engineering, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51226738"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yongnam Kim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51226738","display_name":"Dong-A University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qvtpc38","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51226738"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongnam Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics Engineering, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51226738"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yunkyung Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4338-7642"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51226738","display_name":"Dong-A University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qvtpc38","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51226738"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yunkyung Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics Engineering, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4338-7642","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51226738"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yunkyung Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4338-7642"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51226738","display_name":"Dong-A University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qvtpc38","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51226738"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunkyung Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics Engineering, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4338-7642","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51226738"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029338669"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51226738"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.7004,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71458093,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"21","first_page":"4653","last_page":"4653"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11408","display_name":"Advanced Optical Imaging Technologies","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.9034367799758911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.5328192114830017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-resolution","display_name":"Image resolution","score":0.529634952545166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.5175608992576599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-sensor","display_name":"Image sensor","score":0.4748808741569519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.43679118156433105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.29391545057296753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1507033109664917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.13045886158943176}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.9034367799758911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.5328192114830017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205372480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"Image resolution","level":2,"score":0.529634952545166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.5175608992576599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76935873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209121","display_name":"Image sensor","level":2,"score":0.4748808741569519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.43679118156433105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.29391545057296753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1507033109664917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.13045886158943176}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19214653","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19214653","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/21/4653/pdf?version=1572317285","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:31717755","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31717755","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2f944f42ec0040c380211725a11b2599","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2f944f42ec0040c380211725a11b2599","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 19, Iss 21, p 4653 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/19/21/4653/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19214653","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6864800","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6864800","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19214653","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19214653","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/21/4653/pdf?version=1572317285","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G870522637","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2017R1C1B5015844","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2981340625.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2981340625.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1973579987","https://openalex.org/W2003696932","https://openalex.org/W2012180099","https://openalex.org/W2027104639","https://openalex.org/W2103394438","https://openalex.org/W2291259901","https://openalex.org/W2744027979","https://openalex.org/W2787994172","https://openalex.org/W2803395129","https://openalex.org/W2923737011","https://openalex.org/W6939990658","https://openalex.org/W6958485197"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2044092692","https://openalex.org/W2614621130","https://openalex.org/W2944239605","https://openalex.org/W2547665164","https://openalex.org/W1873415836","https://openalex.org/W3103111272","https://openalex.org/W4289655544","https://openalex.org/W4200290804","https://openalex.org/W2139783875","https://openalex.org/W4312469487"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,83,108],"demand":[1],"for":[2,157],"a":[3,29,59,63,78,150],"high-resolution":[4],"metal-oxide-semiconductor":[5],"(CMOS)":[6],"image":[7],"sensor":[8],"has":[9,17],"increased":[10],"in":[11,28,134],"recent":[12],"years,":[13],"and":[14,40,77,100,117,120,128,147,155,160],"pixel":[15,35,61,89,103,140],"size":[16,36],"shrunk":[18],"below":[19],"1.0":[20],"\u03bcm":[21,102,162],"to":[22,149],"allow":[23],"accumulation":[24],"of":[25,53,86,137,152],"numerous":[26],"pixels":[27],"limited":[30],"area.":[31],"However,":[32],"shrinking":[33],"the":[34,38,44,51,54,87,114,118,125,135,138,142],"lowers":[37],"sensitivity":[39,136],"increases":[41],"crosstalk":[42],"because":[43],"aspect":[45],"ratio":[46],"is":[47,111],"worsened":[48],"by":[49,92],"maintaining":[50],"height":[52],"pixel.":[55],"This":[56],"work":[57],"introduces":[58],"high-sensitivity":[60],"with":[62,113,124,145],"quad-WRGB":[64,109,143],"(White,":[65],"Red,":[66],"Green,":[67],"Blue)":[68],"color":[69],"filter":[70],"array":[71],"(CFA),":[72],"spatial":[73,79],"deep-trench":[74],"isolation":[75],"(S-DTI),":[76],"tungsten":[80],"grid":[81],"(S-WG).":[82],"optical":[84,95],"performance":[85],"suggested":[88,139],"was":[90],"analyzed":[91],"performing":[93],"3D":[94],"simulations":[96],"at":[97],"1.0,":[98,158],"0.9,":[99,159],"0.8":[101,161],"pitches":[104],"as":[105],"small-sized":[106],"pixels.":[107],"CFA":[110,144],"compared":[112,123],"quad-Bayer":[115],"CFA,":[116],"S-DTI":[119,146],"S-WG":[121,148],"are":[122],"conventional":[126],"DTI":[127],"WG.":[129],"We":[130],"confirmed":[131],"an":[132],"improvement":[133],"using":[141],"maximum":[151],"58.2%,":[153],"67.0%,":[154],"66.3%":[156],"pixels,":[163],"respectively.":[164]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
