{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2981161037","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19204506","title":"A Low-Cost Vision-Based Monitoring of Computer Numerical Control (CNC) Machine Tools for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs)","display_name":"A Low-Cost Vision-Based Monitoring of Computer Numerical Control (CNC) Machine Tools for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs)","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-10-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2981161037","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19204506","mag":"2981161037","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31627348"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19204506","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19204506","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19204506","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038798784","display_name":"Hyungjung Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0895-6886"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyungjung Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0895-6886","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016223485","display_name":"Woo\u2010Kyun Jung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5511-3649"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Woo-Kyun Jung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110773369","display_name":"In\u2010Gyu Choi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4129-559X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"In-Gyu Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022739413","display_name":"Sung\u2010Hoon Ahn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1548-2394"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sung-Hoon Ahn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea","Institute of Advanced Machines and Design, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Advanced Machines and Design, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022739413"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":4.8634,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":60,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95403845,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"20","first_page":"4506","last_page":"4506"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10763","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Industry","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10763","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Industry","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9927999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11159","display_name":"Manufacturing Process and Optimization","score":0.9621000289916992,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/factory","display_name":"Factory (object-oriented programming)","score":0.7642419934272766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/productivity","display_name":"Productivity","score":0.5768166780471802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/manufacturing-engineering","display_name":"Manufacturing engineering","score":0.5761605501174927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/numerical-control","display_name":"Numerical control","score":0.5267823338508606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.5184438228607178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.505744218826294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/production","display_name":"Production (economics)","score":0.46603816747665405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/small-and-medium-sized-enterprises","display_name":"Small and medium-sized enterprises","score":0.4279845058917999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.4223240613937378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/production-cost","display_name":"Production cost","score":0.41682863235473633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3326337933540344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.23952895402908325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.182450532913208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.16602033376693726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.10989928245544434}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40149104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5620977","display_name":"Factory (object-oriented programming)","level":2,"score":0.7642419934272766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.5768166780471802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117671659","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11049265","display_name":"Manufacturing engineering","level":1,"score":0.5761605501174927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175457265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190247","display_name":"Numerical control","level":3,"score":0.5267823338508606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.5184438228607178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.505744218826294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.46603816747665405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48879800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622439","display_name":"Small and medium-sized enterprises","level":2,"score":0.4279845058917999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.4223240613937378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985847231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12154181","display_name":"Production cost","level":2,"score":0.41682863235473633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3326337933540344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.23952895402908325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.182450532913208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.16602033376693726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.10989928245544434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C523214423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192047","display_name":"Machining","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19204506","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19204506","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:31627348","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31627348","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c99df1ab8969478a8cf7130735d20aa6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c99df1ab8969478a8cf7130735d20aa6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 19, Iss 20, p 4506 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:5830634","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6832709","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/19/20/4506/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19204506","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19204506","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19204506","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5711493","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018R1A4A1059976","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W15146620","https://openalex.org/W128921158","https://openalex.org/W163951487","https://openalex.org/W1541063383","https://openalex.org/W1878909312","https://openalex.org/W1965454984","https://openalex.org/W1970660655","https://openalex.org/W1971593457","https://openalex.org/W1971874375","https://openalex.org/W1984554603","https://openalex.org/W2000304567","https://openalex.org/W2001642682","https://openalex.org/W2008831439","https://openalex.org/W2017068814","https://openalex.org/W2029077406","https://openalex.org/W2031276959","https://openalex.org/W2032371605","https://openalex.org/W2037924503","https://openalex.org/W2037983124","https://openalex.org/W2038163130","https://openalex.org/W2041523444","https://openalex.org/W2055563066","https://openalex.org/W2061426648","https://openalex.org/W2111692049","https://openalex.org/W2114623221","https://openalex.org/W2118399785","https://openalex.org/W2131122974","https://openalex.org/W2163559927","https://openalex.org/W2254387532","https://openalex.org/W2266336423","https://openalex.org/W2298261874","https://openalex.org/W2320310528","https://openalex.org/W2511958250","https://openalex.org/W2538004437","https://openalex.org/W2556264891","https://openalex.org/W2590599904","https://openalex.org/W2606471255","https://openalex.org/W2619068315","https://openalex.org/W2725507007","https://openalex.org/W2726231472","https://openalex.org/W2734361713","https://openalex.org/W2735842644","https://openalex.org/W2740294595","https://openalex.org/W2753155801","https://openalex.org/W2756368700","https://openalex.org/W2772812977","https://openalex.org/W2773838081","https://openalex.org/W2776140658","https://openalex.org/W2781768742","https://openalex.org/W2789976873","https://openalex.org/W2801289463","https://openalex.org/W2886287510","https://openalex.org/W2888663528","https://openalex.org/W2890098390","https://openalex.org/W2912343465","https://openalex.org/W2914809915","https://openalex.org/W2970410557","https://openalex.org/W2976309835","https://openalex.org/W4237783163","https://openalex.org/W4286276003","https://openalex.org/W6677665093","https://openalex.org/W6746758732"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2384486034","https://openalex.org/W2366361252","https://openalex.org/W2462792858","https://openalex.org/W602415246","https://openalex.org/W2378496626","https://openalex.org/W157609714","https://openalex.org/W2325500789","https://openalex.org/W2332214270","https://openalex.org/W2667477408","https://openalex.org/W2386419339"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"the":[1,7,11,22,25,105,115,137,154,193],"new":[2],"era":[3],"of":[4,24,118,128,161,179,196],"manufacturing":[5],"with":[6,41,104],"Fourth":[8],"Industrial":[9],"Revolution,":[10],"smart":[12,54],"factory":[13,23,55],"is":[14,140,167],"getting":[15],"much":[16],"attention":[17],"as":[18,36,79],"a":[19,60,75,80,120,158,177],"solution":[20],"for":[21,64,126,192],"future.":[26],"Despite":[27],"challenges":[28],"in":[29,185],"small":[30],"and":[31,39,49,73,82,91,97,123,144,163,189],"medium-sized":[32],"enterprises":[33],"(SMEs),":[34],"such":[35,78],"short-term":[37],"strategies":[38],"labor-intensive":[40],"limited":[42],"resources,":[43],"they":[44],"have":[45],"to":[46,142,149,176,182],"improve":[47],"productivity":[48],"stay":[50],"competitive":[51],"by":[52],"adopting":[53],"technologies.":[56,84],"This":[57],"study":[58],"presents":[59],"novel":[61],"monitoring":[62,127,180],"approach":[63],"SMEs,":[65],"KEM":[66],"(keep":[67],"an":[68],"eye":[69],"on":[70,89,153],"your":[71],"machine),":[72],"using":[74,95,119],"low-cost":[76,121],"vision,":[77],"webcam":[81,122],"open-source":[83,124],"Mainly,":[85],"this":[86],"idea":[87],"focuses":[88],"collecting":[90],"processing":[92],"operational":[93],"data":[94],"cheaper":[96],"easy-to-use":[98],"components.":[99],"A":[100],"prototype":[101],"was":[102,131],"tested":[103],"typical":[106],"3-axis":[107],"computer":[108],"numerical":[109],"control":[110],"(CNC)":[111],"milling":[112],"machine.":[113],"From":[114],"evaluation,":[116],"availability":[117],"technologies":[125],"machine":[129,151],"tools":[130,152],"confirmed.":[132],"The":[133],"results":[134],"revealed":[135],"that":[136],"proposed":[138],"system":[139],"easy":[141],"integrate":[143],"can":[145],"be":[146],"conveniently":[147],"applied":[148],"legacy":[150],"shop":[155],"floor":[156],"without":[157],"significant":[159],"change":[160,178],"equipment":[162],"cost":[164],"barrier,":[165],"which":[166],"less":[168],"than":[169],"$500":[170],"USD.":[171],"These":[172],"benefits":[173],"could":[174],"lead":[175],"operations":[181],"reduce":[183],"time":[184],"operation,":[186],"energy":[187],"consumption,":[188],"environmental":[190],"impact":[191],"sustainable":[194],"production":[195],"SMEs.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
