{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2980158381","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19204434","title":"Fast Depth Estimation in a Single Image Using Lightweight Efficient Neural Network","display_name":"Fast Depth Estimation in a Single Image Using Lightweight Efficient Neural Network","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-10-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2980158381","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19204434","mag":"2980158381","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31614933"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19204434","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19204434","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/20/4434/pdf?version=1571110680","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/20/4434/pdf?version=1571110680","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100359156","display_name":"Sangwon Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7452-3897"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52010207","display_name":"Keimyung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00tjv0s33","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52010207"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sangwon Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7452-3897","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52010207"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108553716","display_name":"Jae-Yeal Nam","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52010207","display_name":"Keimyung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00tjv0s33","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52010207"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaeyeal Nam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52010207"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035256239","display_name":"Byoung Chul Ko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7284-0768"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52010207","display_name":"Keimyung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00tjv0s33","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52010207"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Byoungchul Ko","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7284-0768","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52010207"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035256239"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52010207"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.4963,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69289918,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"20","first_page":"4434","last_page":"4434"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10638","display_name":"Optical measurement and interference techniques","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7216987609863281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7086148262023926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.6147947311401367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/depth-map","display_name":"Depth map","score":0.6093459725379944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-truth","display_name":"Ground truth","score":0.5837368965148926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5652042627334595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.5048926472663879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5019080638885498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.45557111501693726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.44818025827407837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.41821372509002686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upsampling","display_name":"Upsampling","score":0.41347530484199524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.40117955207824707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10895019769668579}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7216987609863281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7086148262023926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6147947311401367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141268832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2940499","display_name":"Depth map","level":3,"score":0.6093459725379944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.5837368965148926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5652042627334595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.5048926472663879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5019080638885498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.45557111501693726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.44818025827407837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.41821372509002686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110384440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143270","display_name":"Upsampling","level":3,"score":0.41347530484199524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.40117955207824707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10895019769668579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19204434","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19204434","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/20/4434/pdf?version=1571110680","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:31614933","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31614933","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ff8c15dcaf2c4b3ca1b430c642906a16","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ff8c15dcaf2c4b3ca1b430c642906a16","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 19, Iss 20, p 4434 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:5830404","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6832449","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/19/20/4434/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19204434","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19204434","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19204434","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/20/4434/pdf?version=1571110680","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327819","display_name":"Ministry of SMEs and Startups","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2980158381.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2980158381.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W125693051","https://openalex.org/W1499695691","https://openalex.org/W1677182931","https://openalex.org/W1803059841","https://openalex.org/W1905829557","https://openalex.org/W1915250530","https://openalex.org/W1967061262","https://openalex.org/W2006943762","https://openalex.org/W2029057998","https://openalex.org/W2047736581","https://openalex.org/W2069695851","https://openalex.org/W2107882199","https://openalex.org/W2115579991","https://openalex.org/W2124907686","https://openalex.org/W2132947399","https://openalex.org/W2136391815","https://openalex.org/W2158211626","https://openalex.org/W2165518179","https://openalex.org/W2300779272","https://openalex.org/W2303211814","https://openalex.org/W2336968928","https://openalex.org/W2399238887","https://openalex.org/W2419448466","https://openalex.org/W2422409530","https://openalex.org/W2436453945","https://openalex.org/W2513419314","https://openalex.org/W2520707372","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2593414960","https://openalex.org/W2792861539","https://openalex.org/W2794572859","https://openalex.org/W2795912842","https://openalex.org/W2798410215","https://openalex.org/W2798727000","https://openalex.org/W2949208911","https://openalex.org/W2949634581","https://openalex.org/W2952422028","https://openalex.org/W2963382930","https://openalex.org/W2963488291","https://openalex.org/W2963591054","https://openalex.org/W2971028056","https://openalex.org/W3099108553","https://openalex.org/W6683067110","https://openalex.org/W6684156159","https://openalex.org/W6717629002","https://openalex.org/W6718645268","https://openalex.org/W6725543821"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2795471480","https://openalex.org/W2104324080","https://openalex.org/W2520322935","https://openalex.org/W3005941135","https://openalex.org/W2086087387","https://openalex.org/W2027589961","https://openalex.org/W2140069086","https://openalex.org/W2155505427","https://openalex.org/W2537394792","https://openalex.org/W2122353381"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Depth":[0],"estimation":[1,220,228],"is":[2,51,160],"a":[3,60,83,90,118,151,182,188,217,231],"crucial":[4],"and":[5,30,93,121,155],"fundamental":[6],"problem":[7],"in":[8,36,86,136,141,187,226],"the":[9,41,156,165,170,191,203,212,223],"computer":[10],"vision":[11],"field.":[12],"Conventional":[13],"methods":[14,55],"re-construct":[15],"scenes":[16],"using":[17,48,63,89,169],"feature":[18,153],"points":[19],"extracted":[20],"from":[21,59,181],"multiple":[22,28],"images;":[23],"however,":[24],"these":[25],"approaches":[26,47],"require":[27],"images":[29],"thus":[31],"are":[32,69,147],"not":[33],"easily":[34],"implemented":[35],"various":[37,144],"real-time":[38],"applications.":[39],"Moreover,":[40],"special":[42],"equipment":[43],"required":[44],"by":[45,163],"hardware-based":[46],"3D":[49],"sensors":[50],"expensive.":[52],"Therefore,":[53],"software-based":[54],"for":[56],"estimating":[57],"depth":[58,84,115,131,176,197,227],"single":[61,91,183,232],"image":[62,92,184],"machine":[64],"learning":[65,68],"or":[66,111],"deep":[67],"emerging":[70],"as":[71,107],"new":[72],"alternatives.":[73],"In":[74,139],"this":[75,137],"paper,":[76],"we":[77,194],"propose":[78],"an":[79,94,108,174],"algorithm":[80,101],"that":[81,211],"generates":[82],"map":[85,177],"real":[87],"time":[88],"optimized":[95],"lightweight":[96],"efficient":[97],"neural":[98],"network":[99,166],"(L-ENet)":[100],"instead":[102],"of":[103,158,202],"physical":[104],"equipment,":[105],"such":[106],"infrared":[109],"sensor":[110],"multi-view":[112],"camera.":[113],"Because":[114],"values":[116,198],"have":[117],"continuous":[119],"nature":[120],"can":[122,178,195,215],"produce":[123,196],"locally":[124],"ambiguous":[125],"results,":[126],"pixel-wise":[127],"prediction":[128],"with":[129,190,206],"ordinal":[130],"range":[132],"classification":[133],"was":[134],"applied":[135,148],"study.":[138],"addition,":[140],"our":[142],"method":[143],"convolution":[145],"techniques":[146],"to":[149,200],"extract":[150],"dense":[152],"map,":[154],"number":[157],"parameters":[159],"greatly":[161],"reduced":[162],"reducing":[164],"layer.":[167],"By":[168],"proposed":[171,213],"L-ENet":[172,214],"algorithm,":[173],"accurate":[175],"be":[179],"generated":[180],"quickly":[185],"and,":[186],"comparison":[189],"ground":[192,204],"truth,":[193],"closer":[199],"those":[201],"truth":[205],"small":[207],"errors.":[208],"Experiments":[209],"confirmed":[210],"achieve":[216],"significantly":[218],"improved":[219],"performance":[221],"over":[222],"state-of-the-art":[224],"algorithms":[225],"based":[229],"on":[230],"image.":[233]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
