{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2976935484","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19194262","title":"Optimal Waveform Design Using Frequency-Modulated Pulse Trains for Active Sonar","display_name":"Optimal Waveform Design Using Frequency-Modulated Pulse Trains for Active Sonar","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-09-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2976935484","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19194262","mag":"2976935484","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31575065"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19194262","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19194262","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/19/4262/pdf?version=1570757991","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/19/4262/pdf?version=1570757991","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059320935","display_name":"Chengyu Guan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8795-4389"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chengyu Guan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Meteorology and Oceanology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410000, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8795-4389","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Meteorology and Oceanology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101709399","display_name":"Zemin Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0014-6950"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zemin Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Meteorology and Oceanology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Meteorology and Oceanology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109302523","display_name":"Xinwu Zeng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xinwu Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Meteorology and Oceanology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Meteorology and Oceanology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101709399","https://openalex.org/A5109302523"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.7457,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83977901,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"19","first_page":"4262","last_page":"4262"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveform","display_name":"Waveform","score":0.7855660319328308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ambiguity-function","display_name":"Ambiguity function","score":0.773868203163147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulse-wave","display_name":"Pulse wave","score":0.6515098810195923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/train","display_name":"Train","score":0.6207603812217712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulse","display_name":"Pulse (music)","score":0.6103899478912354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.5856707692146301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marine-mammals-and-sonar","display_name":"Marine mammals and sonar","score":0.5472618341445923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sonar","display_name":"Sonar","score":0.5418137311935425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/doppler-effect","display_name":"Doppler effect","score":0.418375700712204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.41417694091796875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.38504335284233093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.36721867322921753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.20895248651504517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2088128626346588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.18159359693527222}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.7855660319328308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50878840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3206297","display_name":"Ambiguity function","level":4,"score":0.773868203163147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172321821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7259685","display_name":"Pulse wave","level":3,"score":0.6515098810195923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190839683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2448197","display_name":"Train","level":2,"score":0.6207603812217712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780167933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1550652","display_name":"Pulse (music)","level":3,"score":0.6103899478912354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.5856707692146301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137184094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6764300","display_name":"Marine mammals and sonar","level":3,"score":0.5472618341445923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555745239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133220","display_name":"Sonar","level":2,"score":0.5418137311935425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142757262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76436","display_name":"Doppler effect","level":2,"score":0.418375700712204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.41417694091796875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.38504335284233093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.36721867322921753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.20895248651504517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2088128626346588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.18159359693527222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134652429","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1052698","display_name":"Jitter","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19194262","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19194262","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/19/4262/pdf?version=1570757991","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:31575065","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31575065","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:061d4d539b6f414fb7e4675f45fb6b83","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/061d4d539b6f414fb7e4675f45fb6b83","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 19, Iss 19, p 4262 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/19/19/4262/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19194262","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6806218","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6806218","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19194262","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19194262","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/19/4262/pdf?version=1570757991","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1462216247","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"3101287","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324150","funder_display_name":"National University of Defense Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8552488936","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JC15-11-01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324150","funder_display_name":"National University of Defense Technology"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324150","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2976935484.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2976935484.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W640905612","https://openalex.org/W1498890691","https://openalex.org/W1599652710","https://openalex.org/W1965255097","https://openalex.org/W1981935742","https://openalex.org/W1989522660","https://openalex.org/W2002480445","https://openalex.org/W2008019282","https://openalex.org/W2011560499","https://openalex.org/W2027016379","https://openalex.org/W2038764171","https://openalex.org/W2154395745","https://openalex.org/W2163144545","https://openalex.org/W2271312798","https://openalex.org/W2363918075","https://openalex.org/W2410580629","https://openalex.org/W2611266990","https://openalex.org/W2626848643","https://openalex.org/W2905338733","https://openalex.org/W3100583477","https://openalex.org/W4252841508","https://openalex.org/W4253472095","https://openalex.org/W6655110351"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2392611223","https://openalex.org/W2362175816","https://openalex.org/W2049105424","https://openalex.org/W2016800904","https://openalex.org/W4285109196","https://openalex.org/W2999206242","https://openalex.org/W3197465599","https://openalex.org/W580836668","https://openalex.org/W2041835195","https://openalex.org/W2882984745"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Frequency-modulated":[0],"pulse":[1,20,35,66,93,100,117,131,157],"trains":[2,21,94,101,118,158],"can":[3,102],"be":[4,103],"applied":[5],"in":[6],"active":[7,31],"sonar":[8],"systems":[9],"to":[10,50,87,121],"improve":[11],"the":[12,27,41,47,52,89,96,129,134,152,164],"performance":[13,125,155],"of":[14,55,107,128,138,156],"conventional":[15],"transmitted":[16,28],"waveforms.":[17],"Recently,":[18],"two":[19],"have":[22,122],"been":[23,161],"widely":[24],"researched":[25],"as":[26,141,143],"waveforms":[29],"for":[30],"sonars.":[32],"The":[33,58,99,115],"LFM-Costas":[34,90],"train":[36],"was":[37],"formed":[38],"by":[39],"modulating":[40],"linear":[42],"frequency-modulated":[43,61,65],"(LFM)":[44],"waveform":[45],"via":[46],"Costas":[48],"sequence":[49],"remove":[51],"Doppler":[53],"ambiguity":[54,71,109,139],"LFM":[56],"pulses.":[57],"generalized":[59],"sinusoidal":[60],"(GSFM)":[62],"waveform,":[63],"another":[64],"train,":[67],"achieved":[68],"an":[69,84],"ideal":[70],"function":[72,110],"shape":[73],"with":[74,95],"thumbtack":[75],"mainlobe.":[76],"In":[77],"this":[78],"paper,":[79],"we":[80],"focus":[81],"on":[82,105],"constructing":[83],"optimization":[85,165],"model":[86],"optimize":[88],"and":[91,111],"GSFM":[92],"genetic":[97],"algorithm.":[98],"improved":[104,162],"properties":[106],"both":[108],"correlations":[112],"between":[113],"sub-pulses.":[114],"optimized":[116],"are":[119],"proven":[120],"better":[123],"detection":[124],"than":[126],"those":[127],"initial":[130],"trains,":[132],"including":[133],"lower":[135,144],"sidelobe":[136],"levels":[137],"function,":[140],"well":[142],"cross-correlation":[145],"property.":[146],"Moreover,":[147],"it":[148],"is":[149],"affirmed":[150],"that":[151],"reverberation":[153],"suppression":[154],"has":[159],"also":[160],"through":[163],"model.":[166]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
