{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2975731943","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19194140","title":"A Novel Conical Spiral Transmission Line Sensor-Array Water Holdup Detection Tool Achieving Full Scale and Low Error Measurement","display_name":"A Novel Conical Spiral Transmission Line Sensor-Array Water Holdup Detection Tool Achieving Full Scale and Low Error Measurement","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-09-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2975731943","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19194140","mag":"2975731943","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31554299"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19194140","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19194140","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/19/4140/pdf?version=1569330237","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/19/4140/pdf?version=1569330237","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058562511","display_name":"Yong Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8520-2060"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177739611","display_name":"Yangtze University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bhmhz54","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177739611"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yong Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8520-2060","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177739611"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101056326","display_name":"YU Hou-quan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177739611","display_name":"Yangtze University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bhmhz54","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177739611"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Houquan Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177739611"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100435677","display_name":"Qiang Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4153-2869"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiang Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Equipment and Sales Branch, China Petroleum Logging CO. LTD., Xi\u2019an 710077, China","Equipment and Sales Branch, China Petroleum Logging CO. LTD., Xi'an 710077, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Equipment and Sales Branch, China Petroleum Logging CO. LTD., Xi\u2019an 710077, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Equipment and Sales Branch, China Petroleum Logging CO. LTD., Xi'an 710077, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062163096","display_name":"Guoquan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5979-785X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guoquan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Equipment and Sales Branch, China Petroleum Logging CO. LTD., Xi\u2019an 710077, China","Equipment and Sales Branch, China Petroleum Logging CO. LTD., Xi'an 710077, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Equipment and Sales Branch, China Petroleum Logging CO. LTD., Xi\u2019an 710077, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Equipment and Sales Branch, China Petroleum Logging CO. LTD., Xi'an 710077, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021153160","display_name":"Chaoxian Qi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6741-2945"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44461941","display_name":"University of Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/048sx0r50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chaoxian Qi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77044, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6741-2945","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77044, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085785893","display_name":"Jiefu Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9940-7043"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44461941","display_name":"University of Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/048sx0r50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jiefu Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77044, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9940-7043","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77044, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5085785893"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":0.4495,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.55926218,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"19","first_page":"4140","last_page":"4140"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12537","display_name":"Flow Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12537","display_name":"Flow Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11778","display_name":"Electrical and Bioimpedance Tomography","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10412","display_name":"Microfluidic and Capillary Electrophoresis Applications","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conical-surface","display_name":"Conical surface","score":0.7517268657684326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission-line","display_name":"Transmission line","score":0.610564112663269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.5151628255844116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.5018768310546875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.4803222715854645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spiral","display_name":"Spiral (railway)","score":0.47947701811790466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-array","display_name":"Sensor array","score":0.4780174493789673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase","display_name":"Phase (matter)","score":0.4519509971141815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/line","display_name":"Line (geometry)","score":0.4111478328704834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.3975585103034973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3483463525772095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.31688350439071655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.1573089361190796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.1535390019416809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1202729344367981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.07595899701118469}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124961601","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2518149","display_name":"Conical surface","level":2,"score":0.7517268657684326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33441834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q693004","display_name":"Transmission line","level":2,"score":0.610564112663269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.5151628255844116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.5018768310546875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.4803222715854645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174128100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846907","display_name":"Spiral (railway)","level":2,"score":0.47947701811790466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66251956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451086","display_name":"Sensor array","level":2,"score":0.4780174493789673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.4519509971141815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198352243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37105","display_name":"Line (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4111478328704834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3975585103034973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3483463525772095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.31688350439071655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.1573089361190796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.1535390019416809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1202729344367981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.07595899701118469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19194140","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19194140","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/19/4140/pdf?version=1569330237","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:31554299","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31554299","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:71ff1d7c4bc940d89450213e887a66c8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/71ff1d7c4bc940d89450213e887a66c8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 19, Iss 19, p 4140 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/19/19/4140/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19194140","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6806334","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6806334","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19194140","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19194140","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/19/4140/pdf?version=1569330237","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","score":0.6700000166893005,"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2607074639","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. 2017ZX05019001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335960","funder_display_name":"National Major Science and Technology Projects of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321570","display_name":"China National Petroleum Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/05269d038"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335960","display_name":"National Major Science and Technology Projects of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2975731943.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2975731943.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W960438465","https://openalex.org/W1986633907","https://openalex.org/W2002321052","https://openalex.org/W2003499941","https://openalex.org/W2036336461","https://openalex.org/W2044401944","https://openalex.org/W2053956515","https://openalex.org/W2070148970","https://openalex.org/W2078839249","https://openalex.org/W2086809478","https://openalex.org/W2091855158","https://openalex.org/W2184347024","https://openalex.org/W2368540922","https://openalex.org/W2378709385","https://openalex.org/W2387336418","https://openalex.org/W2393365533","https://openalex.org/W2441026443","https://openalex.org/W2460040191","https://openalex.org/W2515258150","https://openalex.org/W2559655522","https://openalex.org/W2749941430","https://openalex.org/W2790901625","https://openalex.org/W2842771585","https://openalex.org/W2883609031","https://openalex.org/W2900041815","https://openalex.org/W2914935028","https://openalex.org/W2920964091","https://openalex.org/W2952230927","https://openalex.org/W2967845611","https://openalex.org/W4252240166","https://openalex.org/W6686510372","https://openalex.org/W6751668718","https://openalex.org/W6756199895"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2051242752","https://openalex.org/W2982298224","https://openalex.org/W2008418734","https://openalex.org/W2388820610","https://openalex.org/W2026430622","https://openalex.org/W2368124709","https://openalex.org/W2379486534","https://openalex.org/W2375915872","https://openalex.org/W2975731943"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"dynamically":[1],"monitor":[2],"the":[3,8,32,35,39,45,51,56,61,71,79,85,95,121,153,157,160],"horizontal":[4,164],"well,":[5],"we":[6,91],"studied":[7],"oil-water":[9,75],"two-phase":[10],"water":[11,26,72,107,148],"holdup":[12,27,73,108,125,149],"detection":[13,28,117,150,155],"method":[14,68],"based":[15,77],"on":[16,55,78,84],"transmission":[17,40,57,88],"lines,":[18],"and":[19,23,44,47,93,101],"designed":[20],"a":[21,24,66,103,145],"micro-sensor":[22],"sensor-array":[25,147],"tool.":[29],"We":[30,64],"modeled":[31],"relationship":[33],"of":[34,38,50,74,82,156,159],"dielectric":[36],"constant":[37],"line":[41,58],"filling":[42],"medium":[43,162],"amplitude":[46],"phase":[48,80],"shift":[49,81],"electromagnetic":[52],"wave":[53],"signal":[54],"by":[59,98],"using":[60],"time-domain":[62],"analysis.":[63],"proposed":[65],"novel":[67],"to":[69,128,143],"measure":[70],"mixtures":[76],"signals":[83],"conical":[86,105],"spiral":[87,106],"line.":[89],"Furthermore,":[90],"simulated":[92],"optimized":[94],"structural":[96],"parameters":[97],"software":[99],"simulation,":[100],"developed":[102],"small":[104],"sensor":[109,115],"suitable":[110],"for":[111],"arraying.":[112],"The":[113],"single":[114],"with":[116,131],"circuits":[118],"can":[119],"achieve":[120],"full":[122],"scale":[123],"(water":[124],"from":[126],"0%":[127],"100%)":[129],"measurement":[130],"resolution":[132],"better":[133],"than":[134],"3%.":[135],"On":[136],"this":[137],"basis,":[138],"12":[139],"sensors":[140],"are":[141],"used":[142],"develop":[144],"clock-like":[146],"tool,":[151],"realizing":[152],"array":[154],"distribution":[158],"cross-section":[161],"in":[163],"wells.":[165]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}