{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2974861210","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19184042","title":"A Deep Learning Framework for Signal Detection and Modulation Classification","display_name":"A Deep Learning Framework for Signal Detection and Modulation Classification","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-09-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2974861210","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19184042","mag":"2974861210","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31546817"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19184042","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19184042","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/18/4042/pdf?version=1568881275","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/18/4042/pdf?version=1568881275","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010146271","display_name":"Xiong Zha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2061-5013"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiong Zha","raw_affiliation_strings":["PLA Strategic Support Force Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PLA Strategic Support Force Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009162241","display_name":"Hua Peng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5761-3535"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hua Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["PLA Strategic Support Force Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PLA Strategic Support Force Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087698461","display_name":"Xin Qin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7457-0565"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Qin","raw_affiliation_strings":["PLA Strategic Support Force Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PLA Strategic Support Force Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100406295","display_name":"Guang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1253-3985"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["PLA Strategic Support Force Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PLA Strategic Support Force Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067444646","display_name":"Sihan Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6773-471X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sihan Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["PLA Strategic Support Force Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PLA Strategic Support Force Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5010146271"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":5.9523,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":93,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96932591,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"18","first_page":"4042","last_page":"4042"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.953499972820282,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9412999749183655,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7410094738006592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.6775863170623779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.668503999710083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6369463205337524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5986089706420898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.5942116379737854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.5846940875053406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.45697057247161865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detection-theory","display_name":"Detection theory","score":0.45293667912483215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.44244852662086487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.43967169523239136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.4337533116340637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.41443243622779846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.36877524852752686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.16699355840682983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.15739506483078003}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7410094738006592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.6775863170623779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.668503999710083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6369463205337524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5986089706420898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5942116379737854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.5846940875053406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.45697057247161865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137270730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120811","display_name":"Detection theory","level":3,"score":0.45293667912483215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.44244852662086487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.43967169523239136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4337533116340637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.41443243622779846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.36877524852752686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.16699355840682983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.15739506483078003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107038049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35986","display_name":"Aesthetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19184042","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19184042","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/18/4042/pdf?version=1568881275","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:31546817","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31546817","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f9e98fc34bfc4165ba4050333444d09a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f9e98fc34bfc4165ba4050333444d09a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 19, Iss 18, p 4042 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/19/18/4042/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19184042","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6767335","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6767335","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19184042","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19184042","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/18/4042/pdf?version=1568881275","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5538820198","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. 61401511;No. U1736107","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2974861210.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2974861210.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W1974166643","https://openalex.org/W1982228643","https://openalex.org/W2002651496","https://openalex.org/W2048654658","https://openalex.org/W2049843085","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2070503748","https://openalex.org/W2071707134","https://openalex.org/W2092431085","https://openalex.org/W2093049985","https://openalex.org/W2099550634","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2104310451","https://openalex.org/W2105961436","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2120847449","https://openalex.org/W2130014182","https://openalex.org/W2132174924","https://openalex.org/W2138552207","https://openalex.org/W2144506857","https://openalex.org/W2147893740","https://openalex.org/W2168078104","https://openalex.org/W2170778725","https://openalex.org/W2171794643","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2261049415","https://openalex.org/W2272847350","https://openalex.org/W2570343428","https://openalex.org/W2609179406","https://openalex.org/W2657631929","https://openalex.org/W2754643364","https://openalex.org/W2790452209","https://openalex.org/W2884089434","https://openalex.org/W2892154397","https://openalex.org/W2908317939","https://openalex.org/W2909861516","https://openalex.org/W2916238263","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2944891925","https://openalex.org/W2950473406","https://openalex.org/W2954211164","https://openalex.org/W2959781444","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W4214540058","https://openalex.org/W4232025539","https://openalex.org/W6687483927"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4293226380","https://openalex.org/W4375867731","https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W4312417841","https://openalex.org/W3193565141","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W2951211570","https://openalex.org/W3167935049","https://openalex.org/W3103566983","https://openalex.org/W3029198973"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"learning":[1],"(DL)":[2],"is":[3,55,114,123],"a":[4,46],"powerful":[5],"technique":[6],"which":[7,36],"has":[8,21],"achieved":[9],"great":[10],"success":[11],"in":[12,18,39],"many":[13,40],"applications.":[14],"However,":[15],"its":[16],"usage":[17],"communication":[19,41],"systems":[20],"not":[22],"been":[23],"well":[24],"explored.":[25],"This":[26],"paper":[27],"investigates":[28],"algorithms":[29],"for":[30,49,92,102],"multi-signals":[31,50],"detection":[32,51,94],"and":[33,52,68,95,127,136],"modulation":[34,53,64,103],"classification,":[35],"are":[37,83],"significant":[38],"systems.":[42],"In":[43],"this":[44],"work,":[45],"DL":[47,121,144],"framework":[48,122,145],"recognition":[54],"proposed.":[56],"Compared":[57],"to":[58,111,132],"some":[59],"existing":[60],"methods,":[61],"the":[62,75,106,120,133,141],"signal":[63,93,109],"format,":[65],"center":[66],"frequency,":[67],"start-stop":[69],"time":[70],"can":[71,146],"be":[72],"obtained":[73],"from":[74],"proposed":[76],"scheme.":[77],"Furthermore,":[78],"two":[79],"types":[80],"of":[81,108,125],"networks":[82,91,100],"built:":[84],"(1)":[85],"Single":[86],"shot":[87],"multibox":[88],"detector":[89],"(SSD)":[90],"(2)":[96],"multi-inputs":[97],"convolutional":[98],"neural":[99],"(CNNs)":[101],"recognition.":[104],"Additionally,":[105],"importance":[107],"representation":[110],"different":[112],"tasks":[113],"investigated.":[115],"Experimental":[116],"results":[117],"demonstrate":[118],"that":[119],"capable":[124],"detecting":[126],"recognizing":[128],"signals.":[129],"And":[130],"compared":[131],"traditional":[134],"methods":[135],"other":[137],"deep":[138],"network":[139],"techniques,":[140],"current":[142],"built":[143],"achieve":[147],"better":[148],"performance.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}