{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2973042686","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19183958","title":"Real-Time Vehicle-Detection Method in Bird-View Unmanned-Aerial-Vehicle Imagery","display_name":"Real-Time Vehicle-Detection Method in Bird-View Unmanned-Aerial-Vehicle Imagery","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-09-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2973042686","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19183958","mag":"2973042686","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31540275"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19183958","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19183958","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/18/3958/pdf?version=1568365489","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/18/3958/pdf?version=1568365489","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043906007","display_name":"Seongkyun Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0971-3376"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161024014","display_name":"Kwangwoon University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e9zc863","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161024014"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seongkyun Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161024014"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100925158","display_name":"Ji\u2010Sang Yoo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161024014","display_name":"Kwangwoon University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e9zc863","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161024014"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jisang Yoo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161024014"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044901165","display_name":"Soonchul Kwon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6595-6415"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161024014","display_name":"Kwangwoon University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e9zc863","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161024014"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Soonchul Kwon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Smart Convergence, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Smart Convergence, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161024014"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044901165"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161024014"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":23.0448,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9892725,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"18","first_page":"3958","last_page":"3958"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14257","display_name":"Advanced Measurement and Detection Methods","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerial-imagery","display_name":"Aerial imagery","score":0.6775879859924316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5725533366203308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4328468143939972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerial-survey","display_name":"Aerial survey","score":0.428152859210968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4134177267551422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3909991681575775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aeronautics","display_name":"Aeronautics","score":0.32918721437454224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.2698970437049866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.26520270109176636}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987819851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191839","display_name":"Aerial imagery","level":2,"score":0.6775879859924316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5725533366203308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4328468143939972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176262533","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4688034","display_name":"Aerial survey","level":2,"score":0.428152859210968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4134177267551422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3909991681575775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178802073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8421","display_name":"Aeronautics","level":1,"score":0.32918721437454224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2698970437049866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.26520270109176636}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19183958","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19183958","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/18/3958/pdf?version=1568365489","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:31540275","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31540275","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e656066bb3ee4f85a41377eff924bbda","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e656066bb3ee4f85a41377eff924bbda","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 19, Iss 18, p 3958 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/19/18/3958/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19183958","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6767679","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6767679","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19183958","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19183958","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/18/3958/pdf?version=1568365489","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1739134435","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IITP-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324891","funder_display_name":"Iran Telecommunication Research Center"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324891","display_name":"Iran Telecommunication Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01a3g2z22"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0hqq23"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2973042686.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2973042686.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1492541562","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1677182931","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W1979770060","https://openalex.org/W1990291111","https://openalex.org/W1990465093","https://openalex.org/W1997765621","https://openalex.org/W2031489346","https://openalex.org/W2043552486","https://openalex.org/W2064022862","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2120859393","https://openalex.org/W2124386111","https://openalex.org/W2154823510","https://openalex.org/W2161969291","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2164598857","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2286929393","https://openalex.org/W2508384486","https://openalex.org/W2545630289","https://openalex.org/W2557728737","https://openalex.org/W2570343428","https://openalex.org/W2601564443","https://openalex.org/W2613718673","https://openalex.org/W2624848721","https://openalex.org/W2695028939","https://openalex.org/W2763108738","https://openalex.org/W2769723619","https://openalex.org/W2793872863","https://openalex.org/W2897882347","https://openalex.org/W2901291024","https://openalex.org/W2902500047","https://openalex.org/W2907429896","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963604034","https://openalex.org/W2963786238","https://openalex.org/W2964350391","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W6666424471","https://openalex.org/W6751373550","https://openalex.org/W6980131659"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2597927996","https://openalex.org/W1993391903","https://openalex.org/W2386046054","https://openalex.org/W2389583573","https://openalex.org/W2487965249","https://openalex.org/W2991153303","https://openalex.org/W2189514046","https://openalex.org/W631117835","https://openalex.org/W2337509673","https://openalex.org/W2144483618"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Vehicle":[0],"detection":[1,97],"is":[2,113],"an":[3],"important":[4],"research":[5],"area":[6],"that":[7,45,66],"provides":[8],"background":[9],"information":[10],"for":[11],"the":[12,47,57,63,68,93,96,108,114,132,136,152,158,165],"diversity":[13],"of":[14,49,73,95,142,147],"unmanned-aerial-vehicle":[15],"(UAV)":[16],"applications.":[17],"In":[18,127],"this":[19],"paper,":[20],"we":[21,83],"propose":[22,62,84],"a":[23,27,38,85],"vehicle-detection":[24],"method":[25,90,154,170],"using":[26],"convolutional-neural-network":[28],"(CNN)-based":[29],"object":[30],"detector.":[31],"We":[32,60],"design":[33],"our":[34,80],"method,":[35],"DRFBNet300,":[36,129],"with":[37,104,168],"Deeper":[39],"Receptive":[40],"Field":[41],"Block":[42],"(DRFB)":[43],"module":[44],"enhances":[46],"expressiveness":[48],"feature":[50],"maps":[51],"to":[52,78,91,118],"detect":[53],"small":[54],"objects":[55],"in":[56,75,107,124],"UAV":[58,76],"imagery.":[59],"also":[61],"UAV-cars":[64,133,166],"dataset":[65,167],"includes":[67],"composition":[69],"and":[70],"angular":[71],"distortion":[72],"vehicles":[74],"imagery":[77],"train":[79],"DRFBNet300.":[81],"Lastly,":[82],"Split":[86],"Image":[87],"Processing":[88],"(SIP)":[89],"improve":[92],"accuracy":[94,148],"model.":[98],"Our":[99],"DRFBNet300":[100,162],"achieves":[101],"21":[102],"mAP":[103],"45":[105],"FPS":[106],"MS":[109],"COCO":[110],"metric,":[111],"which":[112],"highest":[115,137],"score":[116,139],"compared":[117],"other":[119],"lightweight":[120],"single-stage":[121],"methods":[122],"running":[123],"real":[125],"time.":[126],"addition,":[128],"trained":[130,163],"on":[131,164],"dataset,":[134],"obtains":[135],"AP":[138],"at":[140,172],"altitudes":[141],"20-50":[143],"m.":[144],"The":[145,161],"gap":[146],"improvement":[149],"by":[150],"applying":[151],"SIP":[153,169],"became":[155],"larger":[156],"when":[157],"altitude":[159],"increases.":[160],"operates":[171],"33":[173],"FPS,":[174],"enabling":[175],"real-time":[176],"vehicle":[177],"detection.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
