{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2973134644","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19183914","title":"Intelligent Identification for Rock-Mineral Microscopic Images Using Ensemble Machine Learning Algorithms","display_name":"Intelligent Identification for Rock-Mineral Microscopic Images Using Ensemble Machine Learning Algorithms","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-09-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2973134644","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19183914","mag":"2973134644","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31514321"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19183914","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19183914","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/18/3914/pdf?version=1568187449","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/18/3914/pdf?version=1568187449","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100449293","display_name":"Ye Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9228-3746"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ye Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045127642","display_name":"Mingchao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3010-0892"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mingchao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100760674","display_name":"Shuai Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4244-9266"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuai Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034029955","display_name":"Qiubing Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7005-0722"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiubing Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102883625","display_name":"Jonathan Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2156-3702"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121820613","display_name":"Louisiana State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ect4e57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045127642"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":6.5196,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":95,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97539199,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"18","first_page":"3914","last_page":"3914"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12282","display_name":"Mineral Processing and Grinding","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12282","display_name":"Mineral Processing and Grinding","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12157","display_name":"Geochemistry and Geologic Mapping","score":0.988099992275238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10892","display_name":"Drilling and Well Engineering","score":0.9724000096321106,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.775547981262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7372294664382935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5835758447647095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/naive-bayes-classifier","display_name":"Naive Bayes classifier","score":0.578873872756958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilayer-perceptron","display_name":"Multilayer perceptron","score":0.4993603229522705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.4975784122943878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.49250921607017517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4798033535480499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.470800518989563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4685215651988983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.3899432420730591}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.775547981262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7372294664382935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5835758447647095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52001869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812530","display_name":"Naive Bayes classifier","level":3,"score":0.578873872756958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179717631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2991667","display_name":"Multilayer perceptron","level":3,"score":0.4993603229522705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.4975784122943878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.49250921607017517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4798033535480499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.470800518989563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4685215651988983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3899432420730591}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":8,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19183914","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19183914","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/18/3914/pdf?version=1568187449","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:31514321","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31514321","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.lsu.edu:construction_management_pubs-1219","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/construction_management_pubs/219","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169993","display_name":"Civil War Book Review","issn_l":"1528-6592","issn":["1528-6592"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315936","host_organization_name":"Louisiana State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315936"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Louisiana State University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Faculty Publications","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.lsu.edu:geo_pubs-1009","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/geo_pubs/10","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169993","display_name":"Civil War Book Review","issn_l":"1528-6592","issn":["1528-6592"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315936","host_organization_name":"Louisiana State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315936"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Louisiana State University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Faculty Publications","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5c2e9ddb738a45a19124b21fd047f4e6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5c2e9ddb738a45a19124b21fd047f4e6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 19, Iss 18, p 3914 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/19/18/3914/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19183914","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6767609","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6767609","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.lsu.edu:construction_management_pubs-1219","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.lsu.edu/construction_management_pubs/219","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169993","display_name":"Civil War Book Review","issn_l":"1528-6592","issn":["1528-6592"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315936","host_organization_name":"Louisiana State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315936"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Louisiana State University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Faculty Publications","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19183914","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19183914","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/18/3914/pdf?version=1568187449","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.4699999988079071}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6912432951","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"17JCJQJC44000","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336823","funder_display_name":"Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of Tianjin"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336823","display_name":"Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of Tianjin","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2973134644.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2973134644.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W28412257","https://openalex.org/W60493759","https://openalex.org/W1597847796","https://openalex.org/W1825732850","https://openalex.org/W1964700079","https://openalex.org/W1979307164","https://openalex.org/W2055358268","https://openalex.org/W2076063813","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2137844145","https://openalex.org/W2140792483","https://openalex.org/W2160815625","https://openalex.org/W2161381512","https://openalex.org/W2165698076","https://openalex.org/W2176950688","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2300527407","https://openalex.org/W2565657014","https://openalex.org/W2574981201","https://openalex.org/W2577255913","https://openalex.org/W2581082771","https://openalex.org/W2589085805","https://openalex.org/W2597243853","https://openalex.org/W2616881109","https://openalex.org/W2619612788","https://openalex.org/W2768149277","https://openalex.org/W2794284562","https://openalex.org/W2902532691","https://openalex.org/W2902816161","https://openalex.org/W2911268982","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2944668789","https://openalex.org/W4239510810","https://openalex.org/W6675354045"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4200112873","https://openalex.org/W2955796858","https://openalex.org/W4224941037","https://openalex.org/W4367336074","https://openalex.org/W4379620016","https://openalex.org/W3154045278","https://openalex.org/W3210764983","https://openalex.org/W4367335949","https://openalex.org/W3089416646","https://openalex.org/W2004826645"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"It":[0],"is":[1,19,25,58,178,197],"significant":[2,134],"to":[3,39,116],"identify":[4],"rock-mineral":[5],"microscopic":[6,14,42,56],"images":[7,43,57],"in":[8,22,158,172,185],"geological":[9],"engineering.":[10],"The":[11,64,121,145,162,175,189,204],"task":[12],"of":[13,54,142],"mineral":[15,41,55,66],"image":[16,67],"identification,":[17],"which":[18,196],"often":[20],"conducted":[21],"the":[23,50,87,89,118,138,154,169,182,186,201],"lab,":[24],"tedious":[26],"and":[27,31,45,76,109,130,151],"time-consuming.":[28],"Deep":[29],"learning":[30,52,91],"convolutional":[32],"neural":[33],"networks":[34],"(CNNs)":[35],"provide":[36],"a":[37,133],"method":[38],"analyze":[40],"efficiently":[44],"smartly.":[46],"In":[47],"this":[48],"research,":[49],"transfer":[51],"model":[53,173,177,191,209,213],"established":[59],"based":[60],"on":[61,86],"Inception-v3":[62],"architecture.":[63],"four":[65],"features,":[68,88],"including":[69],"K-feldspar":[70],"(Kf),":[71],"perthite":[72],"(Pe),":[73],"plagioclase":[74],"(Pl),":[75],"quartz":[77],"(Qz":[78],"or":[79],"Q),":[80],"are":[81,114,123,153,165],"extracted":[82],"using":[83,125],"Inception-v3.":[84],"Based":[85],"machine":[90,98],"methods,":[92],"logistic":[93],"regression":[94],"(LR),":[95],"support":[96],"vector":[97],"(SVM),":[99],"random":[100],"forest":[101],"(RF),":[102],"k-nearest":[103],"neighbors":[104],"(KNN),":[105],"multilayer":[106],"perceptron":[107],"(MLP),":[108],"gaussian":[110],"naive":[111],"Bayes":[112],"(GNB),":[113],"adopted":[115],"establish":[117],"identification":[119],"models.":[120,203],"results":[122],"evaluated":[124],"10-fold":[126],"cross-validation.":[127],"LR,":[128,149],"SVM,":[129,150],"MLP":[131,152],"have":[132],"performance":[135],"among":[136],"all":[137,200],"models,":[139],"with":[140],"accuracy":[141],"about":[143],"90.0%.":[144],"evaluation":[146],"result":[147,205],"shows":[148,207],"outstanding":[155],"single":[156,202],"models":[157,164,171],"high-dimensional":[159],"feature":[160],"analysis.":[161],"three":[163],"also":[166,179,206],"selected":[167],"as":[168,181],"base":[170],"stacking.":[174],"LR":[176],"set":[180],"meta":[183],"classifier":[184],"final":[187],"prediction.":[188],"stacking":[190,210],"can":[192],"achieve":[193],"90.9%":[194],"accuracy,":[195],"higher":[198],"than":[199],"that":[208],"effectively":[211],"improves":[212],"performance.":[214]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
