{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3004272977","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19183885","title":"A Calibration-Free Method Based on Grey Relational Analysis for Heterogeneous Smartphones in Fingerprint-Based Indoor Positioning","display_name":"A Calibration-Free Method Based on Grey Relational Analysis for Heterogeneous Smartphones in Fingerprint-Based Indoor Positioning","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-09-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3004272977","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19183885","mag":"3004272977","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31505856"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19183885","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19183885","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/18/3885/pdf?version=1568178680","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/18/3885/pdf?version=1568178680","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100328933","display_name":"Shuai Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2157-6837"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuai Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Center for High Accuracy Location Awareness, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2157-6837","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center for High Accuracy Location Awareness, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037709025","display_name":"Jiming Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5427-6481"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jiming Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Center for High Accuracy Location Awareness, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5427-6481","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center for High Accuracy Location Awareness, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103047325","display_name":"Nianxue Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0920-366X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nianxue Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100366374","display_name":"Di Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8673-7836"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Di Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100391924","display_name":"Wei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2772-4856"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100436103","display_name":"Lei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1887-6222"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1887-6222","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037709025","https://openalex.org/A5103047325"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"],"apc_list":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1824},"apc_paid":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1824},"fwci":0.2874,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.57556065,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"18","first_page":"3885","last_page":"3885"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.972100019454956,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10986","display_name":"RFID technology advancements","score":0.9614999890327454,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rss","display_name":"RSS","score":0.8262180089950562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7056915760040283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weighting","display_name":"Weighting","score":0.702951192855835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fingerprint","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","score":0.6690025329589844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grey-relational-analysis","display_name":"Grey relational analysis","score":0.6030822396278381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/android","display_name":"Android (operating system)","score":0.5609933137893677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracing","display_name":"Tracing","score":0.4681105315685272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4114304482936859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3745748698711395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3368402123451233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.32631903886795044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.18867817521095276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.15782037377357483}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2385561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45432","display_name":"RSS","level":2,"score":0.8262180089950562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7056915760040283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183115368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856577","display_name":"Weighting","level":2,"score":0.702951192855835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777826928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3745713","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6690025329589844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64734493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5608296","display_name":"Grey relational analysis","level":2,"score":0.6030822396278381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557433098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94","display_name":"Android (operating system)","level":2,"score":0.5609933137893677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138673069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322229","display_name":"Tracing","level":2,"score":0.4681105315685272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4114304482936859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3745748698711395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3368402123451233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.32631903886795044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.18867817521095276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.15782037377357483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000068997","descriptor_name":"Smartphone","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000068997","descriptor_name":"Smartphone","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000068997","descriptor_name":"Smartphone","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002138","descriptor_name":"Calibration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002138","descriptor_name":"Calibration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002138","descriptor_name":"Calibration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D059015","descriptor_name":"Wireless Technology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D059015","descriptor_name":"Wireless Technology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D059015","descriptor_name":"Wireless Technology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19183885","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19183885","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/18/3885/pdf?version=1568178680","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:31505856","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31505856","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6767201","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6767201","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:978cd2396bae4fe3902431574eb7ed22","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/978cd2396bae4fe3902431574eb7ed22","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 19, Iss 18, p 3885 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19183885","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19183885","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/18/3885/pdf?version=1568178680","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.4000000059604645,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1433049093","display_name":"GB-InSAR\u56fe\u50cf\u8bef\u5dee\u7279\u5f81\u5206\u6790\u4e0e\u6539\u6b63\u6a21\u578b\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"41474004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2064523096","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41704002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3817209304","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41604019","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G55180308","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41604019, 41474004, 41704002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6257216922","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"16-03","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3004272977.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3004272977.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1524604033","https://openalex.org/W1546169424","https://openalex.org/W1564170142","https://openalex.org/W1578580147","https://openalex.org/W1862952379","https://openalex.org/W1974307451","https://openalex.org/W1981300371","https://openalex.org/W2005598601","https://openalex.org/W2006427429","https://openalex.org/W2007268973","https://openalex.org/W2015529002","https://openalex.org/W2023541396","https://openalex.org/W2033548075","https://openalex.org/W2035136797","https://openalex.org/W2041553377","https://openalex.org/W2052689860","https://openalex.org/W2069284707","https://openalex.org/W2070578325","https://openalex.org/W2101417447","https://openalex.org/W2101891684","https://openalex.org/W2103365206","https://openalex.org/W2104935311","https://openalex.org/W2117052148","https://openalex.org/W2119362555","https://openalex.org/W2142136129","https://openalex.org/W2162470836","https://openalex.org/W2170108541","https://openalex.org/W2182786360","https://openalex.org/W2278572312","https://openalex.org/W2294748733","https://openalex.org/W2467200864","https://openalex.org/W2538416889","https://openalex.org/W2600973730","https://openalex.org/W2607260156","https://openalex.org/W2663177595","https://openalex.org/W2745383702","https://openalex.org/W2758530958","https://openalex.org/W2800276571","https://openalex.org/W2800842369","https://openalex.org/W2800993700","https://openalex.org/W2842899346","https://openalex.org/W2890196784","https://openalex.org/W2896011011","https://openalex.org/W2905536956","https://openalex.org/W2908847888","https://openalex.org/W2911905116","https://openalex.org/W2918105197","https://openalex.org/W2921397161","https://openalex.org/W2921597243","https://openalex.org/W2929069550","https://openalex.org/W2964029185","https://openalex.org/W2990839514","https://openalex.org/W6770683022"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W426968574","https://openalex.org/W2365639220","https://openalex.org/W2382520895","https://openalex.org/W2393709043","https://openalex.org/W2080567403","https://openalex.org/W2539387137","https://openalex.org/W2374952201","https://openalex.org/W2374808384","https://openalex.org/W2385449752","https://openalex.org/W2619844325"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,166],"fingerprint":[1,33,54,57,67],"method":[2,68,172,215],"has":[3],"been":[4],"widely":[5],"adopted":[6],"in":[7,15,141,196],"Wi-Fi":[8],"indoor":[9],"positioning":[10,34,85,203],"because":[11],"of":[12,44,53,79,98,108,131,146,169,205],"its":[13],"advantage":[14,168],"non-line-of-sight":[16],"channels":[17],"between":[18,56,93,121],"access":[19],"points":[20],"(APs)":[21],"and":[22,58,82,103,124,133],"mobile":[23],"users.":[24],"However,":[25],"the":[26,32,40,51,77,88,94,104,109,116,129,134,144,149,156,164,202,206,213,217],"received":[27],"signal":[28],"strength":[29],"(RSS)":[30],"during":[31],"process":[35],"generally":[36],"varies":[37],"due":[38],"to":[39,75,83,163,200],"dissimilar":[41],"hardware":[42],"configurations":[43],"heterogeneous":[45,80,183,193,223],"smartphones.":[46],"This":[47],"difference":[48],"may":[49],"degrade":[50],"accuracy":[52],"matching":[55],"test":[59,110],"data.":[60],"Thus,":[61],"this":[62,170],"paper":[63],"puts":[64],"forward":[65],"a":[66],"based":[69],"on":[70,128],"grey":[71,89,117],"relational":[72,90,118,137,159],"analysis":[73],"(GRA)":[74],"approach":[76],"challenge":[78],"smartphones":[81,195,224],"improve":[84],"accuracy.":[86],"Initially,":[87],"coefficient":[91],"(GRC)":[92],"RSS":[95,105],"comparability":[96],"sequence":[97,107],"each":[99,122],"reference":[100,106],"point":[101,111],"(RP)":[102],"(TP)":[112],"is":[113,126,152,173],"calculated.":[114],"Subsequently,":[115],"degree":[119],"(GRD)":[120],"RP":[123],"TP":[125],"determined":[127,153],"basis":[130],"GRC,":[132],"K":[135,157],"most":[136,158],"RPs":[138,160],"are":[139,225],"selected":[140],"accordance":[142],"with":[143],"value":[145],"GRD.":[147],"Finally,":[148],"user":[150],"location":[151],"by":[154],"weighting":[155],"that":[161,174,212],"correspond":[162],"coordinates.":[165],"main":[167],"GRA":[171],"it":[175],"does":[176],"not":[177],"require":[178],"device":[179],"calibration":[180],"when":[181],"handling":[182],"smartphone":[184],"problems.":[185],"We":[186],"further":[187],"carry":[188],"out":[189],"extensive":[190],"experiments":[191],"using":[192],"Android":[194],"an":[197],"office":[198],"environment":[199],"verify":[201],"performance":[204],"proposed":[207,214],"method.":[208],"Experimental":[209],"results":[210],"indicate":[211],"outperforms":[216],"existing":[218],"ones":[219],"no":[220],"matter":[221],"whether":[222],"used.":[226]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-08T07:41:39.490200","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
