{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2969221627","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19173703","title":"Wasserstein Distance Learns Domain Invariant Feature Representations for Drift Compensation of E-Nose","display_name":"Wasserstein Distance Learns Domain Invariant Feature Representations for Drift Compensation of E-Nose","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-08-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2969221627","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19173703","mag":"2969221627","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31454980"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19173703","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19173703","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/17/3703/pdf?version=1566817963","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/17/3703/pdf?version=1566817963","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060493155","display_name":"Yang Tao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9535-464X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10535382","display_name":"Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/03dgaqz26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yang Tao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Communication and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9535-464X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communication and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101460350","display_name":"Chunyan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1094-4606"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10535382","display_name":"Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/03dgaqz26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunyan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Communication and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communication and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101894659","display_name":"Zhifang Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2525-6104"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10535382","display_name":"Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/03dgaqz26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhifang Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Communication and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communication and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101619025","display_name":"Haocheng Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9969-4847"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10535382","display_name":"Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/03dgaqz26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haocheng Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Communication and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communication and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101423230","display_name":"Juan Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1919-0791"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10535382","display_name":"Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/03dgaqz26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juan Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Communication and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communication and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5060493155","https://openalex.org/A5101894659"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.1956,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77279781,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"17","first_page":"3703","last_page":"3703"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11667","display_name":"Advanced Chemical Sensor Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11667","display_name":"Advanced Chemical Sensor Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10461","display_name":"Gas Sensing Nanomaterials and Sensors","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12321","display_name":"Insect Pheromone Research and Control","score":0.9872999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1109","display_name":"Insect Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminator","display_name":"Discriminator","score":0.7156472206115723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/invariant","display_name":"Invariant (physics)","score":0.5865727663040161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5763217210769653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5683963894844055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5628482103347778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5575923919677734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.46351397037506104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.44432151317596436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4380474388599396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4281514286994934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compensation","display_name":"Compensation (psychology)","score":0.4198001027107239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3224320411682129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2827613949775696}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779803651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282088","display_name":"Discriminator","level":3,"score":0.7156472206115723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190470478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2370229","display_name":"Invariant (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5865727663040161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5763217210769653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5683963894844055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5628482103347778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5575923919677734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.46351397037506104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.44432151317596436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4380474388599396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4281514286994934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780023022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1338171","display_name":"Compensation (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4198001027107239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3224320411682129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2827613949775696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11171543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41630","display_name":"Psychoanalysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37914503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156495","display_name":"Mathematical physics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19173703","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19173703","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/17/3703/pdf?version=1566817963","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:31454980","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31454980","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3d755a7d918b4a80bee4ffb2a06e4939","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3d755a7d918b4a80bee4ffb2a06e4939","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 19, Iss 17, p 3703 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/19/17/3703/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19173703","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6749200","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6749200","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19173703","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19173703","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/17/3703/pdf?version=1566817963","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6299999952316284,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2969221627.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2969221627.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W76056806","https://openalex.org/W1971221757","https://openalex.org/W2006395821","https://openalex.org/W2010910059","https://openalex.org/W2022851810","https://openalex.org/W2036737027","https://openalex.org/W2040439720","https://openalex.org/W2048344731","https://openalex.org/W2060257057","https://openalex.org/W2069092570","https://openalex.org/W2080948354","https://openalex.org/W2097366995","https://openalex.org/W2099501835","https://openalex.org/W2120149881","https://openalex.org/W2122084318","https://openalex.org/W2123072773","https://openalex.org/W2143794396","https://openalex.org/W2149466042","https://openalex.org/W2149900826","https://openalex.org/W2300189460","https://openalex.org/W2560266500","https://openalex.org/W2593768305","https://openalex.org/W2605135824","https://openalex.org/W2695071295","https://openalex.org/W2770645414","https://openalex.org/W2785678896","https://openalex.org/W2894152534","https://openalex.org/W2904542629","https://openalex.org/W2949987290","https://openalex.org/W2950420147","https://openalex.org/W2963836885","https://openalex.org/W2998115938","https://openalex.org/W4295521014","https://openalex.org/W6637618735","https://openalex.org/W6674755931","https://openalex.org/W6697519957","https://openalex.org/W6730561111","https://openalex.org/W6735913928","https://openalex.org/W6779669310","https://openalex.org/W6816217180"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4293202849","https://openalex.org/W1980965563","https://openalex.org/W1489300767","https://openalex.org/W4380714744","https://openalex.org/W2387995142","https://openalex.org/W4319453655","https://openalex.org/W2089959425","https://openalex.org/W2964074194","https://openalex.org/W2057775761","https://openalex.org/W2985313479"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Electronic":[0],"nose":[1],"(E-nose),":[2],"a":[3,43,53,78,106,110,163],"kind":[4],"of":[5,27,39,45,72,166,171,183],"instrument":[6],"which":[7,41,94],"combines":[8],"with":[9],"the":[10,14,23,30,61,70,73,98,115,120,138,158,169,181,184,194,200],"gas":[11],"sensor":[12,31,201],"and":[13,25,51,126,154,193],"corresponding":[15],"pattern":[16],"recognition":[17],"algorithm,":[18],"is":[19,88,95],"used":[20],"to":[21,113],"detect":[22],"type":[24],"concentration":[26],"gases.":[28],"However,":[29],"drift":[32,62,92,190],"will":[33],"occur":[34],"in":[35,48,55,69,141,197],"realistic":[36],"application":[37],"scenario":[38],"E-nose,":[40],"makes":[42],"variation":[44],"data":[46],"distribution":[47],"feature":[49,101,139],"space":[50],"causes":[52],"decrease":[54],"prediction":[56],"accuracy.":[57],"Therefore,":[58],"studies":[59],"on":[60,97,162],"compensation":[63,191],"algorithms":[64],"are":[65,160],"receiving":[66],"increasing":[67],"attention":[68],"field":[71],"E-nose.":[74],"In":[75],"this":[76],"paper,":[77],"novel":[79],"method,":[80],"namely":[81],"Wasserstein":[82,117,134,146],"Distance":[83],"Learned":[84],"Feature":[85],"Representations":[86],"(WDLFR),":[87],"put":[89],"forward":[90],"for":[91,148],"compensation,":[93],"based":[96],"domain":[99,111,122,128,149],"invariant":[100],"representation":[102],"learning.":[103],"It":[104],"regards":[105],"neural":[107],"network":[108],"as":[109],"discriminator":[112],"measure":[114],"empirical":[116],"distance":[118,135,147],"between":[119],"source":[121],"(data":[123],"without":[124],"drift)":[125],"target":[127],"(drift":[129],"data).":[130],"The":[131,145,176],"WDLFR":[132,195],"minimizes":[133],"by":[136],"optimizing":[137],"extractor":[140],"an":[142],"adversarial":[143],"manner.":[144],"adaption":[150],"has":[151],"good":[152],"gradient":[153],"generalization":[155],"bound.":[156],"Finally,":[157],"experiments":[159],"conducted":[161],"real":[164],"dataset":[165],"E-nose":[167],"from":[168],"University":[170],"California,":[172],"San":[173],"Diego":[174],"(UCSD).":[175],"experimental":[177],"results":[178],"demonstrate":[179],"that":[180],"effectiveness":[182],"proposed":[185],"method":[186],"outperforms":[187],"all":[188],"compared":[189],"methods,":[192],"succeeds":[196],"significantly":[198],"reducing":[199],"drift.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}