{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2967765996","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19163601","title":"Active Learning on Dynamic Clustering for Drift Compensation in an Electronic Nose System","display_name":"Active Learning on Dynamic Clustering for Drift Compensation in an Electronic Nose System","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-08-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2967765996","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19163601","mag":"2967765996","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31430909"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19163601","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19163601","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/16/3601/pdf?version=1566205314","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/16/3601/pdf?version=1566205314","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008976636","display_name":"Tao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9398-7005"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing 400044, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9398-7005","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing 400044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101746856","display_name":"Dongqi Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2196-2714"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongqi Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing 400044, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing 400044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072504836","display_name":"Jianjun Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0734-1660"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jianjun Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing 400044, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing 400044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079506590","display_name":"Yanbing Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6818-0437"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanbing Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing 400044, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing 400044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060493155","display_name":"Yang Tao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9535-464X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing 400044, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing 400044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066141674","display_name":"Jianhua Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6263-5018"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianhua Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing 400044, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing 400044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008976636","https://openalex.org/A5072504836"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.5953,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82160507,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"16","first_page":"3601","last_page":"3601"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11667","display_name":"Advanced Chemical Sensor Technologies","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11667","display_name":"Advanced Chemical Sensor Technologies","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12321","display_name":"Insect Pheromone Research and Control","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1109","display_name":"Insect Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-nose","display_name":"Electronic nose","score":0.8057551980018616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.6871869564056396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compensation","display_name":"Compensation (psychology)","score":0.5548626780509949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.48223671317100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.32715505361557007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3201303780078888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.16006770730018616}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23895516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q550092","display_name":"Electronic nose","level":2,"score":0.8057551980018616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.6871869564056396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780023022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1338171","display_name":"Compensation (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5548626780509949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48223671317100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.32715505361557007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3201303780078888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.16006770730018616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11171543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41630","display_name":"Psychoanalysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19163601","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19163601","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/16/3601/pdf?version=1566205314","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:31430909","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31430909","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d01469d6336a40f8a967e2822ad712c1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d01469d6336a40f8a967e2822ad712c1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 19, Iss 16, p 3601 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/19/16/3601/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19163601","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6721181","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6721181","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19163601","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19163601","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/16/3601/pdf?version=1566205314","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2014507861","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018CDXYTX0010","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5589733202","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NSFC, 61403049","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5834028996","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019CDXYTX0024","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8084261486","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61403049","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2967765996.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2967765996.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W572111241","https://openalex.org/W1050831791","https://openalex.org/W1484084878","https://openalex.org/W1513874326","https://openalex.org/W1528361845","https://openalex.org/W1556045639","https://openalex.org/W1977626143","https://openalex.org/W1991443646","https://openalex.org/W2010910059","https://openalex.org/W2016494343","https://openalex.org/W2020033987","https://openalex.org/W2022103656","https://openalex.org/W2022851810","https://openalex.org/W2039222602","https://openalex.org/W2048344731","https://openalex.org/W2059477850","https://openalex.org/W2143794396","https://openalex.org/W2151023586","https://openalex.org/W2163232725","https://openalex.org/W2186324713","https://openalex.org/W2189385594","https://openalex.org/W2307623521","https://openalex.org/W2319296287","https://openalex.org/W2345487231","https://openalex.org/W2513310636","https://openalex.org/W2608224070","https://openalex.org/W2695071295","https://openalex.org/W2740707706","https://openalex.org/W2794068363","https://openalex.org/W2797242248","https://openalex.org/W2810921114","https://openalex.org/W2901255892","https://openalex.org/W4230030242","https://openalex.org/W6627061816","https://openalex.org/W6687218800","https://openalex.org/W6750383009"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2056596841","https://openalex.org/W2349581046","https://openalex.org/W2080410076","https://openalex.org/W2912293709","https://openalex.org/W1596740836","https://openalex.org/W1982974357","https://openalex.org/W2081756653","https://openalex.org/W2536125181","https://openalex.org/W2523761394","https://openalex.org/W2086179153"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Drift":[0],"correction":[1,207],"is":[2,60,147,173],"an":[3,86],"important":[4],"concern":[5],"in":[6,33,46,50,203],"Electronic":[7],"noses":[8],"(E-nose)":[9],"for":[10,25,77,99,114],"maintaining":[11],"stable":[12],"performance":[13,135,196],"during":[14],"continuous":[15],"work.":[16],"A":[17],"large":[18],"number":[19],"of":[20,56,70,136,159,182,208],"reports":[21],"have":[22],"been":[23],"presented":[24,200],"dealing":[26],"with":[27],"E-nose":[28,125],"drift":[29,44,100,126,206],"through":[30],"machine-learning":[31],"approaches":[32],"the":[34,43,52,57,71,111,118,134,137,144,150,156,168,177,183,198,204],"laboratory.":[35],"In":[36,117,166],"this":[37,82],"study,":[38],"we":[39,84,103,121],"aim":[40],"to":[41,64,109,149,175],"counter":[42],"effect":[45],"more":[47],"challenging":[48],"situations":[49],"which":[51],"category":[53,113],"information":[54],"(labels)":[55],"drifted":[58,72],"samples":[59,73],"difficult":[61],"or":[62],"expensive":[63],"obtain.":[65],"Thus,":[66],"only":[67],"a":[68,105,130],"few":[69],"can":[74],"be":[75],"used":[76],"label":[78,115],"querying.":[79,116],"To":[80],"solve":[81],"problem,":[83],"propose":[85],"innovative":[87],"methodology":[88,146,193],"based":[89],"on":[90],"Active":[91],"Learning":[92],"(AL)":[93],"that":[94,143,190],"selectively":[95],"provides":[96],"sample":[97,112],"labels":[98],"correction.":[101],"Moreover,":[102],"utilize":[104],"dynamic":[106],"clustering":[107],"process":[108],"balance":[110],"experimental":[119],"section,":[120],"set":[122],"up":[123],"two":[124],"scenarios-a":[127],"long-term":[128],"and":[129,162,179],"short-term":[131],"scenario-to":[132],"evaluate":[133],"proposed":[138,145,192],"methodology.":[139],"The":[140,186],"results":[141],"indicate":[142,189],"superior":[148],"other":[151,199],"state-of-art":[152],"methods":[153,202],"presented.":[154],"Furthermore,":[155],"increasing":[157],"tendencies":[158],"parameter":[160],"sensitivity":[161],"accuracy":[163],"are":[164],"analyzed.":[165],"addition,":[167],"Label":[169],"Efficiency":[170],"Index":[171],"(LEI)":[172],"adopted":[174],"measure":[176],"efficiency":[178],"labelling":[180],"cost":[181],"AL":[184,201],"methods.":[185],"LEI":[187],"values":[188],"our":[191],"exhibited":[194],"better":[195],"than":[197],"online":[205],"E-noses.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-19T17:40:00.097472","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
