{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2967537836","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19163580","title":"An MIMO Radar System Based on the Sparse-Array and Its Frequency Migration Calibration Method","display_name":"An MIMO Radar System Based on the Sparse-Array and Its Frequency Migration Calibration Method","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-08-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2967537836","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19163580","mag":"2967537836","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31426472"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19163580","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19163580","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/16/3580/pdf?version=1566025232","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/16/3580/pdf?version=1566025232","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001675970","display_name":"Yue Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7857-3269"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yue Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ministerial Key Laboratory of JGMT, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiao Ling Wei200#, Nanjing 210094, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7857-3269","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministerial Key Laboratory of JGMT, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiao Ling Wei200#, Nanjing 210094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100772492","display_name":"Chen Miao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2769-7034"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chen Miao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ministerial Key Laboratory of JGMT, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiao Ling Wei200#, Nanjing 210094, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministerial Key Laboratory of JGMT, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiao Ling Wei200#, Nanjing 210094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020924933","display_name":"Yangying Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1728-732X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yangying Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ministerial Key Laboratory of JGMT, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiao Ling Wei200#, Nanjing 210094, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministerial Key Laboratory of JGMT, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiao Ling Wei200#, Nanjing 210094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000735239","display_name":"Wen Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6942-0589"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wen Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ministerial Key Laboratory of JGMT, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiao Ling Wei200#, Nanjing 210094, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministerial Key Laboratory of JGMT, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiao Ling Wei200#, Nanjing 210094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100772492"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.3355,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81561148,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"16","first_page":"3580","last_page":"3580"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10931","display_name":"Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10931","display_name":"Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.5899759531021118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5677165985107422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.531836748123169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.4794161021709442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calibration","display_name":"Calibration","score":0.46884405612945557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformation","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","score":0.4322349429130554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4225567579269409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.4111420512199402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3862582743167877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.28269681334495544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.238973468542099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.19064176082611084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.16519775986671448}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.5899759531021118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5677165985107422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.531836748123169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.4794161021709442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.46884405612945557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204241405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461499","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.4322349429130554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4225567579269409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.4111420512199402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3862582743167877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.28269681334495544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.238973468542099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.19064176082611084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.16519775986671448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19163580","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19163580","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/16/3580/pdf?version=1566025232","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:31426472","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31426472","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:84c1604397c8423aa2f4ed542fad129c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/84c1604397c8423aa2f4ed542fad129c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 19, Iss 16, p 3580 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/19/16/3580/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19163580","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6720448","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6720448","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19163580","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19163580","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/16/3580/pdf?version=1566025232","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2967537836.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2967537836.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1908367791","https://openalex.org/W1982546763","https://openalex.org/W1996639130","https://openalex.org/W2006087383","https://openalex.org/W2093852141","https://openalex.org/W2106304262","https://openalex.org/W2109149918","https://openalex.org/W2147358934","https://openalex.org/W2166633653","https://openalex.org/W2169652966","https://openalex.org/W2537888770","https://openalex.org/W2612848743","https://openalex.org/W2613949611","https://openalex.org/W2616555170","https://openalex.org/W2625990440","https://openalex.org/W2758312561","https://openalex.org/W2762540940","https://openalex.org/W2784031266","https://openalex.org/W2790773880","https://openalex.org/W2801818165","https://openalex.org/W2803354420","https://openalex.org/W2892433162","https://openalex.org/W2902186856","https://openalex.org/W3103955503"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2102148524","https://openalex.org/W2545343974","https://openalex.org/W2314720829","https://openalex.org/W4291895924","https://openalex.org/W1783583321","https://openalex.org/W2038397443","https://openalex.org/W2941374357","https://openalex.org/W2026727497","https://openalex.org/W4388520214","https://openalex.org/W2164866798"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,17],"this":[1,81],"paper,":[2],"a":[3,13,24,56,83,136],"Multiple":[4,6],"Input":[5],"Output":[7],"(MIMO)":[8],"radar":[9,179],"system":[10,142,155,180],"based":[11],"on":[12],"sparse-array":[14],"is":[15,28,46,64,92],"proposed.":[16],"order":[18,95],"to":[19,30,70,96,104],"reduce":[20,36],"the":[21,32,37,40,49,62,71,77,88,108,112,117,128,153,163,173,177,186],"side-lobe":[22],"level,":[23],"genetic":[25],"algorithm":[26],"(GA)":[27],"used":[29],"optimize":[31],"array":[33,139],"arrangement.":[34],"To":[35,79],"complexity":[38],"of":[39,76,116,130,176],"system,":[41],"time-division":[42],"multiplexing":[43],"(TDM)":[44],"technology":[45],"adopted.":[47],"Since":[48],"signals":[50],"are":[51,170,181],"received":[52],"in":[53,65,87,94],"different":[54],"periods,":[55],"frequency":[57,98],"migration":[58],"will":[59,68,120],"emerge":[60],"if":[61],"target":[63],"motion,":[66],"which":[67,184],"lead":[69],"lower":[72],"direction-of-arrival":[73],"(DOA)":[74],"performance":[75],"system.":[78,133],"solve":[80],"problem,":[82],"stretching":[84],"transformation":[85],"method":[86],"fast-frequency":[89],"slow-time":[90],"domain":[91],"proposed,":[93],"eliminate":[97],"migration.":[99],"Only":[100],"minor":[101],"adjustments":[102],"need":[103],"be":[105,121,150],"implemented":[106],"for":[107],"signal":[109],"processing,":[110],"and":[111,146,159,172],"root-mean-square":[113],"error":[114],"(RMSE)":[115],"DOA":[118,165],"estimation":[119],"reduced":[122],"by":[123,152],"about":[124],"90%,":[125],"compared":[126],"with":[127,143,156],"one":[129],"an":[131],"uncalibrated":[132],"For":[134],"example,":[135],"uniform":[137],"linear":[138],"(ULA)":[140],"MIMO":[141],"2":[144,157],"transmitters":[145,158],"20":[147],"receivers":[148],"can":[149],"replaced":[151],"proposed":[154],"12":[160],"receivers,":[161],"achieving":[162],"same":[164],"performance.":[166],"The":[167],"calibration":[168],"formulations":[169],"given,":[171],"simulation":[174],"results":[175],"automotive":[178],"also":[182],"provided,":[183],"validate":[185],"theory.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}