{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2968179527","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19163579","title":"An Efficient Three-Dimensional Convolutional Neural Network for Inferring Physical Interaction Force from Video","display_name":"An Efficient Three-Dimensional Convolutional Neural Network for Inferring Physical Interaction Force from Video","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-08-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2968179527","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19163579","mag":"2968179527","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31426463"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19163579","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19163579","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/16/3579/pdf?version=1566018277","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/16/3579/pdf?version=1566018277","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006999995","display_name":"Dongyi Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8297-5466"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57664883","display_name":"Ajou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tzb2h73","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongyi Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8297-5466","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103000388","display_name":"Hyeon Cho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7017-803X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57664883","display_name":"Ajou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tzb2h73","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyeon Cho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101700720","display_name":"Hochul Shin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6987-3406"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57664883","display_name":"Ajou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tzb2h73","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hochul Shin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023192002","display_name":"Soo\u2010Chul Lim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4198-431X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205490536","display_name":"Dongguk University","ror":"https://ror.org/057q6n778","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Soo-Chul Lim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical, Robotics and Energy Engineering, Dongguk University, 30, Pildong-ro 1gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4198-431X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical, Robotics and Energy Engineering, Dongguk University, 30, Pildong-ro 1gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004363128","display_name":"Wonjun Hwang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8895-0411"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57664883","display_name":"Ajou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tzb2h73","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wonjun Hwang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8895-0411","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004363128"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":1.5887,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82313698,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"16","first_page":"3579","last_page":"3579"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10914","display_name":"Tactile and Sensory Interactions","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10914","display_name":"Tactile and Sensory Interactions","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.988099992275238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10653","display_name":"Robot Manipulation and Learning","score":0.978600025177002,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7665227651596069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pointwise","display_name":"Pointwise","score":0.6457645893096924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/haptic-technology","display_name":"Haptic technology","score":0.640983521938324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6252959966659546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6061237454414368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolution","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","score":0.5565716028213501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5326447486877441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contact-force","display_name":"Contact force","score":0.4683966636657715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3621874451637268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.32485026121139526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.0959613025188446}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7665227651596069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777984123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9248237","display_name":"Pointwise","level":2,"score":0.6457645893096924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152086174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3030571","display_name":"Haptic technology","level":2,"score":0.640983521938324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6252959966659546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6061237454414368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45347329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5166604","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","level":3,"score":0.5565716028213501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5326447486877441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81302111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2916417","display_name":"Contact force","level":2,"score":0.4683966636657715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3621874451637268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.32485026121139526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0959613025188446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19163579","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19163579","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/16/3579/pdf?version=1566018277","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:31426463","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31426463","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5accdd29aa2e4dd78276a48912857444","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5accdd29aa2e4dd78276a48912857444","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 19, Iss 16, p 3579 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/19/16/3579/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19163579","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6720945","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6720945","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19163579","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19163579","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/16/3579/pdf?version=1566018277","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2968179527.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W169251169","https://openalex.org/W1514535095","https://openalex.org/W1533861849","https://openalex.org/W1575767175","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1897579901","https://openalex.org/W1969090956","https://openalex.org/W1983364832","https://openalex.org/W2145204832","https://openalex.org/W2146324168","https://openalex.org/W2162915993","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2217681286","https://openalex.org/W2306688771","https://openalex.org/W2467598065","https://openalex.org/W2508429489","https://openalex.org/W2512504484","https://openalex.org/W2528383574","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2567653866","https://openalex.org/W2586782891","https://openalex.org/W2593465928","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2622373364","https://openalex.org/W2728106410","https://openalex.org/W2765301586","https://openalex.org/W2796438033","https://openalex.org/W2886966084","https://openalex.org/W2888434277","https://openalex.org/W2891374175","https://openalex.org/W2953033684","https://openalex.org/W2963125010","https://openalex.org/W2963163009"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2140020064","https://openalex.org/W143502885","https://openalex.org/W156716224","https://openalex.org/W42113618","https://openalex.org/W2103468410","https://openalex.org/W1856228368","https://openalex.org/W4361003569","https://openalex.org/W2981421796","https://openalex.org/W2964954556","https://openalex.org/W3019910406"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Interaction":[0],"forces":[1,25,89,185],"are":[2,164],"traditionally":[3],"predicted":[4],"by":[5,54,63,187],"a":[6,16,74,98],"contact":[7],"type":[8,37],"haptic":[9,44,189],"sensor.":[10],"In":[11,46,93],"this":[12,68,94],"paper,":[13,95],"we":[14,48,96,157],"propose":[15],"novel":[17],"and":[18,112,152,178,181,212,214,244],"practical":[19],"method":[20],"for":[21,132],"inferring":[22],"the":[23,35,40,51,56,60,86,106,117,135,144,154,168,182,188,192,206,223,236,248],"interaction":[24,52,88,184,249],"between":[26,171,251],"two":[27,172],"objects":[28,173],"based":[29],"only":[30],"on":[31],"video":[32,91,107,124,165],"data-one":[33],"of":[34,42,59,161,167],"non-contact":[36],"camera":[38],"sensors-without":[39],"use":[41],"common":[43],"sensors.":[45],"detail,":[47],"could":[49],"predict":[50,85],"force":[53,250],"observing":[55],"texture":[57],"changes":[58],"target":[61],"object":[62],"an":[64],"external":[65],"force.":[66],"For":[67],"purpose,":[69],"our":[70,199],"hypothesis":[71],"is":[72,108],"that":[73,235],"three-dimensional":[75],"(3D)":[76],"convolutional":[77,225],"neural":[78,226],"network":[79,227],"(CNN)":[80],"can":[81,128,139,245],"be":[82,129,140],"made":[83],"to":[84,122,142],"physical":[87,169],"from":[90],"images.":[92],"proposed":[97,155,207,237],"bottleneck-based":[99],"3D":[100,136,224],"depthwise":[101,119],"separable":[102],"CNN":[103],"architecture":[104,228],"where":[105],"disentangled":[109],"into":[110],"spatial":[111,126],"temporal":[113,133],"information.":[114],"By":[115],"applying":[116],"basic":[118],"convolution":[120,138],"concept":[121],"each":[123],"frame,":[125],"information":[127],"efficiently":[130],"learned;":[131],"information,":[134],"pointwise":[137],"used":[141],"learn":[143],"linear":[145],"combination":[146],"among":[147],"sequential":[148],"frames.":[149],"To":[150],"validate":[151],"train":[153],"model,":[156],"collected":[158],"large":[159],"quantities":[160],"datasets,":[162],"which":[163],"clips":[166],"interactions":[170],"under":[174,241],"different":[175,242],"conditions":[176,243],"(illumination":[177],"angle":[179],"variations)":[180],"corresponding":[183],"measured":[186],"sensor":[190],"(as":[191],"ground":[193],"truth).":[194],"Our":[195],"experimental":[196],"results":[197],"confirmed":[198],"hypothesis;":[200],"when":[201],"compared":[202],"with":[203],"previous":[204],"models,":[205],"model":[208,217,238],"was":[209,219],"more":[210],"accurate":[211],"efficient,":[213],"although":[215],"its":[216],"size":[218],"10":[220],"times":[221],"smaller,":[222],"exhibited":[229],"better":[230],"accuracy.":[231],"The":[232],"experiments":[233],"demonstrate":[234],"remains":[239],"robust":[240],"successfully":[246],"estimate":[247],"objects.":[252]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}