{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2963067496","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19153263","title":"Vision-Based Measurement of Heart Rate from Ballistocardiographic Head Movements Using Unsupervised Clustering","display_name":"Vision-Based Measurement of Heart Rate from Ballistocardiographic Head Movements Using Unsupervised Clustering","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-07-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2963067496","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19153263","mag":"2963067496","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31344939"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19153263","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19153263","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/15/3263/pdf?version=1564128592","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/15/3263/pdf?version=1564128592","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100334316","display_name":"Hyun\u2013Woo Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5173-726X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157264075","display_name":"Sangmyung University","ror":"https://ror.org/01x4whx42","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157264075"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyunwoo Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Emotion Engineering, University of Sangmyung, Seoul 03016, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5173-726X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Emotion Engineering, University of Sangmyung, Seoul 03016, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157264075"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025837786","display_name":"Ayoung Cho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0035-3853"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157264075","display_name":"Sangmyung University","ror":"https://ror.org/01x4whx42","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157264075"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ayoung Cho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Emotion Engineering, University of Sangmyung, Seoul 03016, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0035-3853","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Emotion Engineering, University of Sangmyung, Seoul 03016, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157264075"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100713645","display_name":"Sungwon Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2963-3261"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157264075","display_name":"Sangmyung University","ror":"https://ror.org/01x4whx42","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157264075"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seongwon Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Emotion Engineering, University of Sangmyung, Seoul 03016, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Emotion Engineering, University of Sangmyung, Seoul 03016, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157264075"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083471750","display_name":"Mincheol Whang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4301-9089"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157264075","display_name":"Sangmyung University","ror":"https://ror.org/01x4whx42","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157264075"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mincheol Whang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Intelligence Informatics Engineering, University of Sangmyung, Seoul 03016, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Intelligence Informatics Engineering, University of Sangmyung, Seoul 03016, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157264075"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083471750"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157264075"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.096,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75641026,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"15","first_page":"3263","last_page":"3263"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10745","display_name":"Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ballistocardiography","display_name":"Ballistocardiography","score":0.6932350993156433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.6068709492683411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/head","display_name":"Head (geology)","score":0.5286099314689636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.47103646397590637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.45842233300209045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3890039920806885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3454306125640869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.23663905262947083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardiology","display_name":"Cardiology","score":0.21252891421318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.0936867892742157}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779611634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4851812","display_name":"Ballistocardiography","level":2,"score":0.6932350993156433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.6068709492683411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780312720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5689100","display_name":"Head (geology)","level":2,"score":0.5286099314689636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.47103646397590637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.45842233300209045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3890039920806885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3454306125640869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.23663905262947083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164705383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10379","display_name":"Cardiology","level":1,"score":0.21252891421318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0936867892742157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001450","descriptor_name":"Ballistocardiography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001450","descriptor_name":"Ballistocardiography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001450","descriptor_name":"Ballistocardiography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004562","descriptor_name":"Electrocardiography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004562","descriptor_name":"Electrocardiography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004562","descriptor_name":"Electrocardiography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006339","descriptor_name":"Heart Rate","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006339","descriptor_name":"Heart Rate","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006339","descriptor_name":"Heart Rate","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009068","descriptor_name":"Movement","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009068","descriptor_name":"Movement","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009068","descriptor_name":"Movement","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019416","descriptor_name":"Head Movements","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019416","descriptor_name":"Head Movements","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019416","descriptor_name":"Head Movements","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19153263","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19153263","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/15/3263/pdf?version=1564128592","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:31344939","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31344939","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:54a88d0e5ff141d0ba0ab32b9ef12cf4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/54a88d0e5ff141d0ba0ab32b9ef12cf4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 19, Iss 15, p 3263 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/19/15/3263/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19153263","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6695981","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6695981","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19153263","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19153263","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/15/3263/pdf?version=1564128592","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.6299999952316284}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4089245922","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2018R1A2B6008901","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2963067496.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2963067496.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1754183646","https://openalex.org/W1832693441","https://openalex.org/W1849277567","https://openalex.org/W1977556410","https://openalex.org/W1984026713","https://openalex.org/W1984554603","https://openalex.org/W1991985091","https://openalex.org/W2044935899","https://openalex.org/W2069692225","https://openalex.org/W2091717878","https://openalex.org/W2122098299","https://openalex.org/W2152057784","https://openalex.org/W2162273778","https://openalex.org/W2164598857","https://openalex.org/W2247908160","https://openalex.org/W2295567513","https://openalex.org/W2406222150","https://openalex.org/W2619132050","https://openalex.org/W2738968590","https://openalex.org/W2771521703","https://openalex.org/W2802737269","https://openalex.org/W2964350365","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6637671008","https://openalex.org/W6682337449","https://openalex.org/W6687483927","https://openalex.org/W6773842061"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2443144249","https://openalex.org/W2414059932","https://openalex.org/W2419862092","https://openalex.org/W2409338817","https://openalex.org/W2086567125","https://openalex.org/W2143256197","https://openalex.org/W2401675268","https://openalex.org/W2412703768","https://openalex.org/W2029474091","https://openalex.org/W2429795628"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Heart":[0],"rate":[1,49,108,124,150,166,253,267,275,313,348],"has":[2,26],"been":[3],"measured":[4,182,268],"comfortably":[5],"using":[6,113,172,190,198,257,281,295,374],"a":[7,160,247,303,309],"camera":[8],"without":[9],"the":[10,13,19,22,33,51,57,62,75,93,100,106,110,122,134,140,148,173,177,191,199,204,210,240,251,255,258,262,265,273,279,282,296,300,305,323,342,346,352,363,371,375,379,382,398,407,411,417,420],"skin-contact":[11],"by":[12,56,98,186,196,214,289,320,350,368,403],"development":[14],"of":[15,21,35,59,95,261,322,327,419],"vision-based":[16,23,390],"measurement.":[17],"Despite":[18],"potential":[20],"measurement,":[24],"it":[25,291,415],"still":[27,72],"presented":[28],"limited":[29,73],"ability":[30],"due":[31],"to":[32,46,68,158,163,245,249],"noise":[34],"illumination":[36,69],"variance":[37,70],"and":[38,82,116,130,195,217,236,264,299,330,358,378,392],"motion":[39,76,101,324,353,412],"artifacts.":[40,102],"Remote":[41],"ballistocardiography":[42],"(BCG)":[43],"was":[44,66,207,227,243,276,287,366,401],"used":[45],"estimate":[47,250],"heart":[48,107,123,149,165,252,266,274,312,347],"from":[50,109,168,183,209,229,254,269,278],"ballistocardiographic":[52,169,178,211],"head":[53,84,170,179,212,332,360],"movements":[54,171,180,213],"generated":[55],"flow":[58],"blood":[60],"through":[61],"carotid":[63],"arteries.":[64],"It":[65],"robust":[67,135],"but":[71],"in":[74,317,423],"artifacts":[77,325,354],"such":[78],"as":[79,339],"facial":[80,184,188,328,356],"expressions":[81,329,357],"voluntary":[83,331,359],"motions.":[85,333],"Recent":[86],"studies":[87],"on":[88,92,127,133],"remote":[89],"BCG":[90],"focus":[91],"improvement":[94],"signal":[96,112,136,142,206],"extraction":[97],"minimizing":[99],"They":[103],"simply":[104],"estimated":[105,153,277,308],"cardiac":[111,141,205],"peak":[114,128,297,376],"detection":[115,129,298,377],"fast":[117],"fourier":[118],"transform":[119],"(FFT).":[120],"However,":[121],"estimation":[125,167,349],"based":[126],"FFT":[131],"depend":[132],"estimation.":[137],"Thus,":[138],"if":[139],"is":[143],"contaminated":[144],"with":[145,292,370,388],"some":[146],"noise,":[147],"cannot":[151],"be":[152,386],"accurately.":[154],"This":[155],"study":[156],"aimed":[157],"develop":[159],"novel":[161],"method":[162,286,307,365,384,400],"improve":[164,394],"unsupervised":[174,241,343],"clustering.":[175],"First,":[176],"were":[181],"video":[185],"detecting":[187],"points":[189],"good-feature-to-track":[192],"(GFTT)":[193],"algorithm":[194],"tracking":[197],"Kanade-Lucas-Tomasi":[200],"(KLT)":[201],"tracker.":[202],"Second,":[203],"extracted":[208,228],"bandpass":[215],"filter":[216],"principal":[218],"component":[219],"analysis":[220],"(PCA).":[221],"The":[222,284,334],"relative":[223],"power":[224,231],"density":[225],"(RPD)":[226],"its":[230],"spectrum":[232],"between":[233],"0.75":[234],"Hz":[235],"2.5":[237],"Hz.":[238],"Third,":[239],"clustering":[242,344],"performed":[244],"construct":[246],"model":[248],"RPD":[256,263,280],"dataset":[259],"consisting":[260,326],"electrocardiogram":[270],"(ECG).":[271],"Finally,":[272],"model.":[283],"proposed":[285,306,364,383,399],"verified":[288,367],"comparing":[290,369],"previous":[293,315,372],"methods":[294,316,373],"FFT.":[301],"As":[302],"result,":[304],"more":[310],"accurate":[311],"than":[314],"three":[318,404],"experiments":[319,405],"levels":[321],"four":[335],"main":[336],"contributions":[337],"are":[338],"follows:":[340],"(1)":[341],"improved":[345],"overcoming":[351],"(i.e.,":[355],"motions);":[361],"(2)":[362],"FFT;":[380],"(3)":[381],"can":[385,393],"combined":[387],"existing":[389],"measurement":[391,422],"their":[395],"performance;":[396],"(4)":[397],"tested":[402],"considering":[406],"realistic":[408],"environment":[409],"including":[410],"artifacts,":[413],"thus,":[414],"increases":[416],"possibility":[418],"non-contact":[421],"daily":[424],"life.":[425]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}