{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2960284198","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19143174","title":"A Machine-Learning Approach to Distinguish Passengers and Drivers Reading While Driving","display_name":"A Machine-Learning Approach to Distinguish Passengers and Drivers Reading While Driving","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-07-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2960284198","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19143174","mag":"2960284198","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31330929"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19143174","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19143174","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/14/3174/pdf?version=1563500037","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/14/3174/pdf?version=1563500037","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079360716","display_name":"Renato Hidaka Torres","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7069-945X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112416","display_name":"Instituto Federal de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o, Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia do Par\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/02239nd21","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1293487690","https://openalex.org/I2801200668","https://openalex.org/I4210112416"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59606676","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/03q9sr818","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59606676"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Renato Torres","raw_affiliation_strings":["Informatics Department, Federal Institute of Par\u00e1, Vigia 68-780-000 PA, Brazil","Institute of Exact and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1 (UFPA), Bel\u00e9m 66-075-110 PA, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Informatics Department, Federal Institute of Par\u00e1, Vigia 68-780-000 PA, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112416"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Exact and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1 (UFPA), Bel\u00e9m 66-075-110 PA, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59606676"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085033583","display_name":"Orlando Shigueo Ohashi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3130823459","display_name":"Universidade Federal Rural da Amaz\u00f4nia","ror":"https://ror.org/02j71c790","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3130823459"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Orlando Ohashi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cyberspace Institute, Federal Rural University of Amaz\u00f4nia, Bel\u00e9m 66-077-830 PA, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyberspace Institute, Federal Rural University of Amaz\u00f4nia, Bel\u00e9m 66-077-830 PA, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3130823459"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000558559","display_name":"Gustavo Pessin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7411-9229"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161302","display_name":"Vale Technological Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05wnasr61","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161302"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gustavo Pessin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Robotics Lab, Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico Vale, Ouro Preto 35-400-000 MG, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7411-9229","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Robotics Lab, Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico Vale, Ouro Preto 35-400-000 MG, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161302"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000558559","https://openalex.org/A5079360716","https://openalex.org/A5085033583"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3130823459","https://openalex.org/I4210112416","https://openalex.org/I4210161302","https://openalex.org/I59606676"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":3.4684,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9198893,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"14","first_page":"3174","last_page":"3174"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11980","display_name":"Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12406","display_name":"IoT and GPS-based Vehicle Safety Systems","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distraction","display_name":"Distraction","score":0.7678270936012268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7103334665298462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6717721819877625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5794008374214172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading","display_name":"Reading (process)","score":0.5714085698127747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gradient-boosting","display_name":"Gradient boosting","score":0.5284820795059204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5172441601753235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boosting","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","score":0.5107367038726807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.5011234283447266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precision-and-recall","display_name":"Precision and recall","score":0.49632054567337036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recall","display_name":"Recall","score":0.4836215078830719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.32298022508621216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.15447485446929932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.08167153596878052}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776378700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3030775","display_name":"Distraction","level":2,"score":0.7678270936012268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7103334665298462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6717721819877625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5794008374214172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.5714085698127747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70153297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591907","display_name":"Gradient boosting","level":3,"score":0.5284820795059204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5172441601753235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46686674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466303","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.5107367038726807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.5011234283447266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81669768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2359161","display_name":"Precision and recall","level":2,"score":0.49632054567337036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100660578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18733","display_name":"Recall","level":2,"score":0.4836215078830719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.32298022508621216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.15447485446929932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.08167153596878052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000063","descriptor_name":"Accidents, Traffic","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000063","descriptor_name":"Accidents, Traffic","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000063","descriptor_name":"Accidents, Traffic","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000063","descriptor_name":"Accidents, Traffic","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000068997","descriptor_name":"Smartphone","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000068997","descriptor_name":"Smartphone","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000068997","descriptor_name":"Smartphone","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000068997","descriptor_name":"Smartphone","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000071826","descriptor_name":"Distracted Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000071826","descriptor_name":"Distracted Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000071826","descriptor_name":"Distracted Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000071826","descriptor_name":"Distracted Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001288","descriptor_name":"Attention","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001288","descriptor_name":"Attention","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001288","descriptor_name":"Attention","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001288","descriptor_name":"Attention","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011932","descriptor_name":"Reading","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011932","descriptor_name":"Reading","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011932","descriptor_name":"Reading","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011932","descriptor_name":"Reading","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012449","descriptor_name":"Safety","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012449","descriptor_name":"Safety","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012449","descriptor_name":"Safety","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012449","descriptor_name":"Safety","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19143174","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19143174","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/14/3174/pdf?version=1563500037","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:31330929","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31330929","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:278394e2526f4791adbff36e9f0b895a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/278394e2526f4791adbff36e9f0b895a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 19, Iss 14, p 3174 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:5649433","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6679284","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/19/14/3174/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19143174","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19143174","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19143174","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/14/3174/pdf?version=1563500037","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8399999737739563,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309480","display_name":"Nvidia","ror":"https://ror.org/03jdj4y14"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2960284198.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2960284198.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W173010969","https://openalex.org/W628630355","https://openalex.org/W1524559790","https://openalex.org/W1618056898","https://openalex.org/W1897117283","https://openalex.org/W1917120379","https://openalex.org/W1926592634","https://openalex.org/W1965713301","https://openalex.org/W1971632803","https://openalex.org/W1993837778","https://openalex.org/W2002968613","https://openalex.org/W2035217620","https://openalex.org/W2046819091","https://openalex.org/W2059267421","https://openalex.org/W2063633728","https://openalex.org/W2084428061","https://openalex.org/W2086177416","https://openalex.org/W2086755418","https://openalex.org/W2089453973","https://openalex.org/W2106126246","https://openalex.org/W2116263092","https://openalex.org/W2121176047","https://openalex.org/W2125698955","https://openalex.org/W2166880842","https://openalex.org/W2167579222","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2211847633","https://openalex.org/W2305684127","https://openalex.org/W2308230922","https://openalex.org/W2329378951","https://openalex.org/W2332993878","https://openalex.org/W2371915244","https://openalex.org/W2470064250","https://openalex.org/W2470907253","https://openalex.org/W2486323017","https://openalex.org/W2514724283","https://openalex.org/W2539162094","https://openalex.org/W2556067306","https://openalex.org/W2605751614","https://openalex.org/W2612981989","https://openalex.org/W2617632090","https://openalex.org/W2618099328","https://openalex.org/W2620711240","https://openalex.org/W2734357356","https://openalex.org/W2735400726","https://openalex.org/W2740887493","https://openalex.org/W2765944838","https://openalex.org/W2767058041","https://openalex.org/W2774132735","https://openalex.org/W2885876042","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2912346386","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2962949934","https://openalex.org/W2963849865","https://openalex.org/W4230850676","https://openalex.org/W4294214983","https://openalex.org/W4297944103","https://openalex.org/W6760385162"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2967733078","https://openalex.org/W3204430031","https://openalex.org/W3137904399","https://openalex.org/W4310492845","https://openalex.org/W2885778889","https://openalex.org/W4310224730","https://openalex.org/W2766514146","https://openalex.org/W4289703016","https://openalex.org/W2885516856","https://openalex.org/W3094138326"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Driver":[0],"distraction":[1],"is":[2],"one":[3],"of":[4,8,24,46,52],"the":[5,15,22,50,105,108],"major":[6],"causes":[7],"traffic":[9],"accidents.":[10],"In":[11,54],"recent":[12],"years,":[13],"given":[14],"advance":[16],"in":[17,83,94,111],"connectivity":[18],"and":[19,32,40,69,77,88,101,120],"social":[20],"networks,":[21],"use":[23,51],"smartphones":[25],"while":[26,42,79],"driving":[27,43],"has":[28],"become":[29],"more":[30],"frequent":[31],"a":[33,59,81,84],"serious":[34],"problem":[35],"for":[36],"safety.":[37],"Texting,":[38],"calling,":[39],"reading":[41,80],"are":[44],"types":[45],"distractions":[47],"caused":[48],"by":[49],"smartphones.":[53],"this":[55],"paper,":[56],"we":[57],"propose":[58],"non-intrusive":[60],"technique":[61],"that":[62],"uses":[63],"only":[64],"data":[65],"from":[66],"smartphone":[67],"sensors":[68],"machine":[70],"learning":[71],"to":[72,124],"automatically":[73],"distinguish":[74],"between":[75],"drivers":[76],"passengers":[78],"message":[82],"vehicle.":[85],"We":[86],"model":[87],"evaluate":[89],"seven":[90],"cutting-edge":[91],"machine-learning":[92],"techniques":[93],"different":[95],"scenarios.":[96],"The":[97],"Convolutional":[98],"Neural":[99],"Network":[100],"Gradient":[102],"Boosting":[103],"were":[104],"models":[106],"with":[107],"best":[109],"results":[110],"our":[112],"experiments.":[113],"Results":[114],"show":[115],"accuracy,":[116],"precision,":[117],"recall,":[118],"F1-score,":[119],"kappa":[121],"metrics":[122],"superior":[123],"0.95.":[125]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}